(extending_the_draftail_editor)=

# Extending the Draftail editor

Wagtail’s rich text editor is built with [Draftail](https://www.draftail.org/), which supports different types of extensions.

## Formatting extensions

Draftail supports three types of formatting:

-   **Inline styles** – To format a portion of a line, for example `bold`, `italic` or `monospace`. Text can have as many inline styles as needed – for example bold _and_ italic at the same time.
-   **Blocks** – To indicate the structure of the content, for example, `blockquote`, `ol`. Any given text can only be of one block type.
-   **Entities** – To enter additional data/metadata, for example, `link` (with a URL) or `image` (with a file). Text can only have one entity applied at a time.

All of these extensions are created with a similar baseline, which we can demonstrate with one of the simplest examples – a custom feature for an inline style of `mark`. Place the following in a `wagtail_hooks.py` file in any installed app:

```python
import wagtail.admin.rich_text.editors.draftail.features as draftail_features
from wagtail.admin.rich_text.converters.html_to_contentstate import InlineStyleElementHandler
from wagtail import hooks

# 1. Use the register_rich_text_features hook.
@hooks.register('register_rich_text_features')
def register_mark_feature(features):
    """
    Registering the `mark` feature, which uses the `MARK` Draft.js inline style type,
    and is stored as HTML with a `<mark>` tag.
    """
    feature_name = 'mark'
    type_ = 'MARK'
    tag = 'mark'

    # 2. Configure how Draftail handles the feature in its toolbar.
    control = {
        'type': type_,
        'label': '☆',
        'description': 'Mark',
        # This isn’t even required – Draftail has predefined styles for MARK.
        # 'style': {'textDecoration': 'line-through'},
    }

    # 3. Call register_editor_plugin to register the configuration for Draftail.
    features.register_editor_plugin(
        'draftail', feature_name, draftail_features.InlineStyleFeature(control)
    )

    # 4.configure the content transform from the DB to the editor and back.
    db_conversion = {
        'from_database_format': {tag: InlineStyleElementHandler(type_)},
        'to_database_format': {'style_map': {type_: tag}},
    }

    # 5. Call register_converter_rule to register the content transformation conversion.
    features.register_converter_rule('contentstate', feature_name, db_conversion)

    # 6. (optional) Add the feature to the default features list to make it available
    # on rich text fields that do not specify an explicit 'features' list
    features.default_features.append('mark')
```

These steps will always be the same for all Draftail plugins. The important parts are to:

-   Consistently use the feature’s Draft.js type or Wagtail feature names where appropriate.
-   Give enough information to Draftail so it knows how to make a button for the feature, and how to render it (more on this later).
-   Configure the conversion to use the right HTML element (as they are stored in the DB).

For detailed configuration options, head over to the [Draftail documentation](https://www.draftail.org/docs/formatting-options) to see all of the details. Here are some parts worth highlighting about controls:

-   The `type` is the only mandatory piece of information.
-   To display the control in the toolbar, combine `icon`, `label`, and `description`.
-   `icon` is an icon name [registered in the Wagtail icon library](../../advanced_topics/icons) - for example, `'icon': 'user',`. It can also be an array of strings, to use SVG paths, or SVG symbol references for example `'icon': ['M100 100 H 900 V 900 H 100 Z'],`. The paths need to be set for a 1024x1024 viewbox.

### Creating new inline styles

In addition to the initial example, inline styles take a `style` property to define what CSS rules will be applied to text in the editor. Be sure to read the [Draftail documentation](https://www.draftail.org/docs/formatting-options) on inline styles.

Finally, the DB to/from conversion uses an `InlineStyleElementHandler` to map from a given tag (`<mark>` in the example above) to a Draftail type, and the inverse mapping is done with [Draft.js exporter configuration](https://github.com/springload/draftjs_exporter) of the `style_map`.

### Creating new blocks

Blocks are nearly as simple as inline styles:

```python
import wagtail.admin.rich_text.editors.draftail.features as draftail_features
from wagtail.admin.rich_text.converters.html_to_contentstate import BlockElementHandler
from wagtail import hooks

@hooks.register('register_rich_text_features')
def register_help_text_feature(features):
    """
    Registering the `help-text` feature, which uses the `help-text` Draft.js block type,
    and is stored as HTML with a `<div class="help-text">` tag.
    """
    feature_name = 'help-text'
    type_ = 'help-text'

    control = {
        'type': type_,
        'label': '?',
        'description': 'Help text',
        # Optionally, we can tell Draftail what element to use when displaying those blocks in the editor.
        'element': 'div',
    }

    features.register_editor_plugin(
        'draftail', feature_name, draftail_features.BlockFeature(control, css={'all': ['help-text.css']})
    )

    features.register_converter_rule('contentstate', feature_name, {
        'from_database_format': {'div[class=help-text]': BlockElementHandler(type_)},
        'to_database_format': {'block_map': {type_: {'element': 'div', 'props': {'class': 'help-text'}}}},
    })
```

Here are the main differences:

-   We can configure an `element` to tell Draftail how to render those blocks in the editor.
-   We register the plugin with `BlockFeature`.
-   We set up the conversion with `BlockElementHandler` and `block_map`.

Optionally, we can also define styles for the blocks with the `Draftail-block--help-text` (`Draftail-block--<block type>`) CSS class.

That’s it! The extra complexity is that you may need to write CSS to style the blocks in the editor.

(creating_new_draftail_editor_entities)=

### Creating new entities

```{warning}
This is an advanced feature. Please carefully consider whether you really need this.
```

Entities aren’t simply formatting buttons in the toolbar. They usually need to be much more versatile, communicating to APIs or requesting further user input. As such,

-   You will most likely need to write a **hefty dose of JavaScript**, some of it with React.
-   The API is very **low-level**. You will most likely need some **Draft.js knowledge**.
-   Custom UIs in rich text can be brittle. Be ready to spend time **testing in multiple browsers**.

The good news is that having such a low-level API will enable third-party Wagtail plugins to innovate on rich text features, proposing new kinds of experiences.
But in the meantime, consider implementing your UI through [StreamField](../topics/streamfield) instead, which has a battle-tested API meant for Django developers.

Here are the main requirements to create a new entity feature:

-   As for inline styles and blocks, register an editor plugin.
-   The editor plugin must define a `source`: a React component responsible for creating new entity instances in the editor, using the Draft.js API.
-   The editor plugin also needs a `decorator` (for inline entities) or `block` (for block entities): a React component responsible for displaying entity instances within the editor.
-   Like for inline styles and blocks, set up the to/from DB conversion.
-   The conversion usually is more involved, since entities contain data that needs to be serialized to HTML.

To write the React components, Wagtail exposes its own React, Draft.js, and Draftail dependencies as global variables. Read more about this in [extending client-side React components](extending_client_side_react).
To go further, please look at the [Draftail documentation](https://www.draftail.org/docs/formatting-options) as well as the [Draft.js exporter documentation](https://github.com/springload/draftjs_exporter).

Here is a detailed example to showcase how those tools are used in the context of Wagtail.
For the sake of our example, we can imagine a news team working at a financial newspaper.
They want to write articles about the stock market, refer to specific stocks anywhere inside of their content (for example "$NEE" tokens in a sentence), and then have their article automatically enriched with the stock’s information (a link, a number, a sparkline).

The editor toolbar could contain a "stock chooser" that displays a list of available stocks, then inserts the user’s selection as a textual token. For our example, we will just pick a stock at random:

```{eval-rst}
.. image:: ../_static/images/draftail_entity_stock_source.*
```

Those tokens are then saved in the rich text on publish. When the news article is displayed on the site, we then insert live market data coming from an API next to each token:

![Draftail entity stock rendering](../_static/images/draftail_entity_stock_rendering.png)

In order to achieve this, we start with registering the rich text feature like for inline styles and blocks:

```python
@hooks.register('register_rich_text_features')
def register_stock_feature(features):
    features.default_features.append('stock')
    """
    Registering the `stock` feature, which uses the `STOCK` Draft.js entity type,
    and is stored as HTML with a `<span data-stock>` tag.
    """
    feature_name = 'stock'
    type_ = 'STOCK'

    control = {
        'type': type_,
        'label': '$',
        'description': 'Stock',
    }

    features.register_editor_plugin(
        'draftail', feature_name, draftail_features.EntityFeature(
            control,
            js=['stock.js'],
            css={'all': ['stock.css']}
        )
    )

    features.register_converter_rule('contentstate', feature_name, {
        # Note here that the conversion is more complicated than for blocks and inline styles.
        'from_database_format': {'span[data-stock]': StockEntityElementHandler(type_)},
        'to_database_format': {'entity_decorators': {type_: stock_entity_decorator}},
    })
```

The `js` and `css` keyword arguments on `EntityFeature` can be used to specify additional JS and CSS files to load when this feature is active. Both are optional. Their values are added to a `Media` object, more documentation on these objects is available in the [Django Form Assets documentation](inv:django#topics/forms/media).

Since entities hold data, the conversion to/from database format is more complicated. We have to create two handlers:

```python
from draftjs_exporter.dom import DOM
from wagtail.admin.rich_text.converters.html_to_contentstate import InlineEntityElementHandler

def stock_entity_decorator(props):
    """
    Draft.js ContentState to database HTML.
    Converts the STOCK entities into a span tag.
    """
    return DOM.create_element('span', {
        'data-stock': props['stock'],
    }, props['children'])


class StockEntityElementHandler(InlineEntityElementHandler):
    """
    Database HTML to Draft.js ContentState.
    Converts the span tag into a STOCK entity, with the right data.
    """
    mutability = 'IMMUTABLE'

    def get_attribute_data(self, attrs):
        """
        Take the `stock` value from the `data-stock` HTML attribute.
        """
        return { 'stock': attrs['data-stock'] }
```

Note how they both do similar conversions, but use different APIs. `to_database_format` is built with the [Draft.js exporter](https://github.com/springload/draftjs_exporter) components API, whereas `from_database_format` uses a Wagtail API.

The next step is to add JavaScript to define how the entities are created (the `source`), and how they are displayed (the `decorator`). Within `stock.js`, we define the source component:

```javascript
// Not a real React component – just creates the entities as soon as it is rendered.
class StockSource extends window.React.Component {
  componentDidMount() {
    const { editorState, entityType, onComplete } = this.props;

    const content = editorState.getCurrentContent();
    const selection = editorState.getSelection();

    const demoStocks = ['AMD', 'AAPL', 'NEE', 'FSLR'];
    const randomStock = demoStocks[Math.floor(Math.random() * demoStocks.length)];

    // Uses the Draft.js API to create a new entity with the right data.
    const contentWithEntity = content.createEntity(
      entityType.type,
      'IMMUTABLE',
      { stock: randomStock },
    );
    const entityKey = contentWithEntity.getLastCreatedEntityKey();

    // We also add some text for the entity to be activated on.
    const text = `$${randomStock}`;

    const newContent = window.DraftJS.Modifier.replaceText(
      content,
      selection,
      text,
      null,
      entityKey,
    );
    const nextState = window.DraftJS.EditorState.push(
      editorState,
      newContent,
      'insert-characters',
    );

    onComplete(nextState);
  }

  render() {
    return null;
  }
}
```

This source component uses data and callbacks provided by [Draftail](https://www.draftail.org/docs/api).
It also uses dependencies from global variables – see [Extending client-side React components](extending_client_side_react).

We then create the decorator component:

```javascript
const Stock = (props) => {
  const { entityKey, contentState } = props;
  const data = contentState.getEntity(entityKey).getData();

  return window.React.createElement(
    'a',
    {
      role: 'button',
      onMouseUp: () => {
        window.open(`https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/${data.stock}`);
      },
    },
    props.children,
  );
};
```

This is a straightforward React component. It does not use JSX since we do not want to have to use a build step for our JavaScript.

Finally, we register the JS components of our plugin:

```javascript
// Register the plugin directly on script execution so the editor loads it when initializing.
window.draftail.registerPlugin({
  type: 'STOCK',
  source: StockSource,
  decorator: Stock,
}, 'entityTypes');
```

And that’s it! All of this setup will finally produce the following HTML on the site’s front-end:

```html
<p>
    Anyone following NextEra technology <span data-stock="NEE">$NEE</span> should
    also look into <span data-stock="FSLR">$FSLR</span>.
</p>
```

To fully complete the demo, we can add a bit of JavaScript to the front-end in order to decorate those tokens with links and a little sparkline.

```javascript
document.querySelectorAll('[data-stock]').forEach((elt) => {
  const link = document.createElement('a');
  link.href = `https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/${elt.dataset.stock}`;
  link.innerHTML = `${elt.innerHTML}<svg width="50" height="20" stroke-width="2" stroke="blue" fill="rgba(0, 0, 255, .2)"><path d="M4 14.19 L 4 14.19 L 13.2 14.21 L 22.4 13.77 L 31.59 13.99 L 40.8 13.46 L 50 11.68 L 59.19 11.35 L 68.39 10.68 L 77.6 7.11 L 86.8 7.85 L 96 4" fill="none"></path><path d="M4 14.19 L 4 14.19 L 13.2 14.21 L 22.4 13.77 L 31.59 13.99 L 40.8 13.46 L 50 11.68 L 59.19 11.35 L 68.39 10.68 L 77.6 7.11 L 86.8 7.85 L 96 4 V 20 L 4 20 Z" stroke="none"></path></svg>`;

  elt.innerHTML = '';
  elt.appendChild(link);
});
```

Custom block entities can also be created (have a look at the separate [Draftail documentation](https://www.draftail.org/docs/blocks)), but these are not detailed here since [StreamField](streamfield_topic) is the go-to way to create block-level rich text in Wagtail.

(extending_the_draftail_editor_advanced)=

## Other editor extensions

Draftail has additional APIs for more complex customizations:

-   **Controls** – To add arbitrary UI elements to editor toolbars.
-   **Decorators** – For arbitrary text decorations/highlighting.
-   **Plugins** – For direct access to all Draft.js APIs.

### Custom toolbar controls

To add an arbitrary new UI element to editor toolbars, Draftail comes with a [controls API](https://www.draftail.org/docs/arbitrary-controls). Controls can be arbitrary React components, which can get and set the editor state. Note controls update on _every keystroke_ in the editor – make sure they render fast!

Here is an example with a simple sentence counter – first, registering the editor feature in a `wagtail_hooks.py`:

```python
from wagtail.admin.rich_text.editors.draftail.features import ControlFeature
from wagtail import hooks


@hooks.register('register_rich_text_features')
def register_sentences_counter(features):
    feature_name = 'sentences'
    features.default_features.append(feature_name)

    features.register_editor_plugin(
        'draftail',
        feature_name,
        ControlFeature({
            'type': feature_name,
        },
        js=['draftail_sentences.js'],
        ),
    )
```

Then, `draftail_sentences.js` declares a React component that will be rendered in the "meta" bottom toolbar of the editor:

```javascript
const countSentences = (str) =>
  str ? (str.match(/[.?!…]+./g) || []).length + 1 : 0;

const SentenceCounter = ({ getEditorState }) => {
  const editorState = getEditorState();
  const content = editorState.getCurrentContent();
  const text = content.getPlainText();

  return window.React.createElement('div', {
    className: 'w-inline-block w-tabular-nums w-help-text w-mr-4',
  }, `Sentences: ${countSentences(text)}`);
}

window.draftail.registerPlugin({
  type: 'sentences',
  meta: SentenceCounter,
}, 'controls');
```

```{note}
Remember to include this feature in any custom Draft configs set up in the `WAGTAILADMIN_RICH_TEXT_EDITORS` setting. So that this new 'sentences' feature is available.
```

For example:

```python
WAGTAILADMIN_RICH_TEXT_EDITORS = {
    'default': {
        'WIDGET': 'wagtail.admin.rich_text.DraftailRichTextArea',
        'OPTIONS': {
            'features': ['bold', 'italic', 'link', 'sentences'],  # Add 'sentences' here
        },
    },
}
```

### Text decorators

The [decorators API](https://www.draftail.org/docs/decorators) is how Draftail / Draft.js supports highlighting text with special formatting in the editor. It uses the [CompositeDecorator](https://draftjs.org/docs/advanced-topics-decorators/#compositedecorator) API, with each entry having a `strategy` function to determine what text to target, and a `component` function to render the decoration.

There are two important considerations when using this API:

-   Order matters: only one decorator can render per character in the editor. This includes any entities that are rendered as decorations.
-   For performance reasons, Draft.js only re-renders decorators that are on the currently focused line of text.

Here is an example with highlighting of problematic punctuation – first, registering the editor feature in a `wagtail_hooks.py`:

```python
from wagtail.admin.rich_text.editors.draftail.features import DecoratorFeature
from wagtail import hooks


@hooks.register('register_rich_text_features')
def register_punctuation_highlighter(features):
    feature_name = 'punctuation'
    features.default_features.append(feature_name)

    features.register_editor_plugin(
        'draftail',
        feature_name,
        DecoratorFeature({
            'type': feature_name,
        },
            js=['draftail_punctuation.js'],
        ),
    )
```

Then, `draftail_punctuation.js` defines the strategy and the highlighting component:

```javascript
const PUNCTUATION = /(\.\.\.|!!|\?!)/g;

const punctuationStrategy = (block, callback) => {
  const text = block.getText();
  let matches;
  while ((matches = PUNCTUATION.exec(text)) !== null) {
    callback(matches.index, matches.index + matches[0].length);
  }
};

const errorHighlight = {
  color: 'var(--w-color-text-error)',
  outline: '1px solid currentColor',
}

const PunctuationHighlighter = ({ children }) => (
  window.React.createElement('span', { style: errorHighlight, title: 'refer to our styleguide' }, children)
);

window.draftail.registerPlugin({
  type: 'punctuation',
  strategy: punctuationStrategy,
  component: PunctuationHighlighter,
}, 'decorators');
```

### Arbitrary plugins

```{warning}
This is an advanced feature. Please carefully consider whether you really need this.
```

Draftail supports plugins following the [Draft.js Plugins](https://www.draft-js-plugins.com/) architecture. Such plugins are the most advanced and powerful type of extension for the editor, offering customization capabilities equal to what would be possible with a custom Draft.js editor.

A common scenario where this API can help is to add bespoke copy-paste processing. Here is a simple example, automatically converting URL anchor hash references to links. First, let’s register the extension in Python:

```python
@hooks.register('register_rich_text_features')
def register_anchorify(features):
    feature_name = 'anchorify'
    features.default_features.append(feature_name)

    features.register_editor_plugin(
        'draftail',
        feature_name,
        PluginFeature({
            'type': feature_name,
        },
            js=['draftail_anchorify.js'],
        ),
    )
```

Then, in `draftail_anchorify.js`:

```javascript
const anchorifyPlugin = {
  type: 'anchorify',

  handlePastedText(text, html, editorState, { setEditorState }) {
    let nextState = editorState;

    if (text.match(/^#[a-zA-Z0-9_-]+$/ig)) {
      const selection = nextState.getSelection();
      let content = nextState.getCurrentContent();
      content = content.createEntity("LINK", "MUTABLE", { url: text });
      const entityKey = content.getLastCreatedEntityKey();

      if (selection.isCollapsed()) {
        content = window.DraftJS.Modifier.insertText(
          content,
          selection,
          text,
          undefined,
          entityKey,
        )
        nextState = window.DraftJS.EditorState.push(
          nextState,
          content,
          "insert-fragment",
        );
      } else {
        nextState = window.DraftJS.RichUtils.toggleLink(nextState, selection, entityKey);
      }

      setEditorState(nextState);
      return "handled";
    }

    return "not-handled";
  },
};

window.draftail.registerPlugin(anchorifyPlugin, 'plugins');
```

## Integration of the Draftail widgets

To further customize how the Draftail widgets are integrated into the UI, there are additional extension points for CSS and JS:

-   In JavaScript, use the `[data-draftail-input]` attribute selector to target the input that contains the data, and `[data-draftail-editor-wrapper]` for the element that wraps the editor.
-   The editor instance is bound to the input field for imperative access. Use `document.querySelector('[data-draftail-input]').draftailEditor`.
-   In CSS, use the classes prefixed with `Draftail-`.