// Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors. // // Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a // copy of this software and associated documentation files (the // "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including // without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, // distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit // persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the // following conditions: // // The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included // in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. // // THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS // OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF // MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN // NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, // DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR // OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE // USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. 'use strict'; const { Error, ObjectKeys, ObjectSetPrototypeOf, Symbol, SymbolFor, } = primordials; const net = require('net'); const EE = require('events'); const assert = require('internal/assert'); const { parsers, freeParser, debug, CRLF, continueExpression, chunkExpression, kIncomingMessage, HTTPParser, isLenient, _checkInvalidHeaderChar: checkInvalidHeaderChar, prepareError, } = require('_http_common'); const { OutgoingMessage } = require('_http_outgoing'); const { kOutHeaders, kNeedDrain, nowDate, emitStatistics } = require('internal/http'); const { defaultTriggerAsyncIdScope, getOrSetAsyncId } = require('internal/async_hooks'); const { IncomingMessage } = require('_http_incoming'); const { ERR_HTTP_HEADERS_SENT, ERR_HTTP_INVALID_STATUS_CODE, ERR_INVALID_ARG_TYPE, ERR_INVALID_CHAR } = require('internal/errors').codes; const { validateInteger } = require('internal/validators'); const Buffer = require('buffer').Buffer; const { DTRACE_HTTP_SERVER_REQUEST, DTRACE_HTTP_SERVER_RESPONSE } = require('internal/dtrace'); const { observerCounts, constants } = internalBinding('performance'); const { NODE_PERFORMANCE_ENTRY_TYPE_HTTP } = constants; const kServerResponse = Symbol('ServerResponse'); const kServerResponseStatistics = Symbol('ServerResponseStatistics'); const STATUS_CODES = { 100: 'Continue', 101: 'Switching Protocols', 102: 'Processing', // RFC 2518, obsoleted by RFC 4918 103: 'Early Hints', 200: 'OK', 201: 'Created', 202: 'Accepted', 203: 'Non-Authoritative Information', 204: 'No Content', 205: 'Reset Content', 206: 'Partial Content', 207: 'Multi-Status', // RFC 4918 208: 'Already Reported', 226: 'IM Used', 300: 'Multiple Choices', // RFC 7231 301: 'Moved Permanently', 302: 'Found', 303: 'See Other', 304: 'Not Modified', 305: 'Use Proxy', 307: 'Temporary Redirect', 308: 'Permanent Redirect', // RFC 7238 400: 'Bad Request', 401: 'Unauthorized', 402: 'Payment Required', 403: 'Forbidden', 404: 'Not Found', 405: 'Method Not Allowed', 406: 'Not Acceptable', 407: 'Proxy Authentication Required', 408: 'Request Timeout', 409: 'Conflict', 410: 'Gone', 411: 'Length Required', 412: 'Precondition Failed', 413: 'Payload Too Large', 414: 'URI Too Long', 415: 'Unsupported Media Type', 416: 'Range Not Satisfiable', 417: 'Expectation Failed', 418: 'I\'m a Teapot', // RFC 7168 421: 'Misdirected Request', 422: 'Unprocessable Entity', // RFC 4918 423: 'Locked', // RFC 4918 424: 'Failed Dependency', // RFC 4918 425: 'Too Early', // RFC 8470 426: 'Upgrade Required', // RFC 2817 428: 'Precondition Required', // RFC 6585 429: 'Too Many Requests', // RFC 6585 431: 'Request Header Fields Too Large', // RFC 6585 451: 'Unavailable For Legal Reasons', 500: 'Internal Server Error', 501: 'Not Implemented', 502: 'Bad Gateway', 503: 'Service Unavailable', 504: 'Gateway Timeout', 505: 'HTTP Version Not Supported', 506: 'Variant Also Negotiates', // RFC 2295 507: 'Insufficient Storage', // RFC 4918 508: 'Loop Detected', 509: 'Bandwidth Limit Exceeded', 510: 'Not Extended', // RFC 2774 511: 'Network Authentication Required' // RFC 6585 }; const kOnExecute = HTTPParser.kOnExecute | 0; class HTTPServerAsyncResource { constructor(type, socket) { this.type = type; this.socket = socket; } } function ServerResponse(req) { OutgoingMessage.call(this); if (req.method === 'HEAD') this._hasBody = false; this.sendDate = true; this._sent100 = false; this._expect_continue = false; if (req.httpVersionMajor < 1 || req.httpVersionMinor < 1) { this.useChunkedEncodingByDefault = chunkExpression.test(req.headers.te); this.shouldKeepAlive = false; } const httpObserverCount = observerCounts[NODE_PERFORMANCE_ENTRY_TYPE_HTTP]; if (httpObserverCount > 0) { this[kServerResponseStatistics] = { startTime: process.hrtime() }; } } ObjectSetPrototypeOf(ServerResponse.prototype, OutgoingMessage.prototype); ObjectSetPrototypeOf(ServerResponse, OutgoingMessage); ServerResponse.prototype._finish = function _finish() { DTRACE_HTTP_SERVER_RESPONSE(this.socket); if (this[kServerResponseStatistics] !== undefined) { emitStatistics(this[kServerResponseStatistics]); } OutgoingMessage.prototype._finish.call(this); }; ServerResponse.prototype.statusCode = 200; ServerResponse.prototype.statusMessage = undefined; function onServerResponseClose() { // EventEmitter.emit makes a copy of the 'close' listeners array before // calling the listeners. detachSocket() unregisters onServerResponseClose // but if detachSocket() is called, directly or indirectly, by a 'close' // listener, onServerResponseClose is still in that copy of the listeners // array. That is, in the example below, b still gets called even though // it's been removed by a: // // var EventEmitter = require('events'); // var obj = new EventEmitter(); // obj.on('event', a); // obj.on('event', b); // function a() { obj.removeListener('event', b) } // function b() { throw "BAM!" } // obj.emit('event'); // throws // // Ergo, we need to deal with stale 'close' events and handle the case // where the ServerResponse object has already been deconstructed. // Fortunately, that requires only a single if check. :-) if (this._httpMessage) this._httpMessage.emit('close'); } ServerResponse.prototype.assignSocket = function assignSocket(socket) { assert(!socket._httpMessage); socket._httpMessage = this; socket.on('close', onServerResponseClose); this.socket = socket; this.emit('socket', socket); this._flush(); }; ServerResponse.prototype.detachSocket = function detachSocket(socket) { assert(socket._httpMessage === this); socket.removeListener('close', onServerResponseClose); socket._httpMessage = null; this.socket = null; }; ServerResponse.prototype.writeContinue = function writeContinue(cb) { this._writeRaw(`HTTP/1.1 100 Continue${CRLF}${CRLF}`, 'ascii', cb); this._sent100 = true; }; ServerResponse.prototype.writeProcessing = function writeProcessing(cb) { this._writeRaw(`HTTP/1.1 102 Processing${CRLF}${CRLF}`, 'ascii', cb); }; ServerResponse.prototype._implicitHeader = function _implicitHeader() { this.writeHead(this.statusCode); }; ServerResponse.prototype.writeHead = writeHead; function writeHead(statusCode, reason, obj) { const originalStatusCode = statusCode; statusCode |= 0; if (statusCode < 100 || statusCode > 999) { throw new ERR_HTTP_INVALID_STATUS_CODE(originalStatusCode); } if (typeof reason === 'string') { // writeHead(statusCode, reasonPhrase[, headers]) this.statusMessage = reason; } else { // writeHead(statusCode[, headers]) if (!this.statusMessage) this.statusMessage = STATUS_CODES[statusCode] || 'unknown'; obj = reason; } this.statusCode = statusCode; let headers; if (this[kOutHeaders]) { // Slow-case: when progressive API and header fields are passed. let k; if (obj) { const keys = ObjectKeys(obj); // Retain for(;;) loop for performance reasons // Refs: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/30958 for (let i = 0; i < keys.length; i++) { k = keys[i]; if (k) this.setHeader(k, obj[k]); } } if (k === undefined && this._header) { throw new ERR_HTTP_HEADERS_SENT('render'); } // Only progressive api is used headers = this[kOutHeaders]; } else { // Only writeHead() called headers = obj; } if (checkInvalidHeaderChar(this.statusMessage)) throw new ERR_INVALID_CHAR('statusMessage'); const statusLine = `HTTP/1.1 ${statusCode} ${this.statusMessage}${CRLF}`; if (statusCode === 204 || statusCode === 304 || (statusCode >= 100 && statusCode <= 199)) { // RFC 2616, 10.2.5: // The 204 response MUST NOT include a message-body, and thus is always // terminated by the first empty line after the header fields. // RFC 2616, 10.3.5: // The 304 response MUST NOT contain a message-body, and thus is always // terminated by the first empty line after the header fields. // RFC 2616, 10.1 Informational 1xx: // This class of status code indicates a provisional response, // consisting only of the Status-Line and optional headers, and is // terminated by an empty line. this._hasBody = false; } // Don't keep alive connections where the client expects 100 Continue // but we sent a final status; they may put extra bytes on the wire. if (this._expect_continue && !this._sent100) { this.shouldKeepAlive = false; } this._storeHeader(statusLine, headers); return this; } // Docs-only deprecated: DEP0063 ServerResponse.prototype.writeHeader = ServerResponse.prototype.writeHead; function Server(options, requestListener) { if (!(this instanceof Server)) return new Server(options, requestListener); if (typeof options === 'function') { requestListener = options; options = {}; } else if (options == null || typeof options === 'object') { options = { ...options }; } else { throw new ERR_INVALID_ARG_TYPE('options', 'object', options); } this[kIncomingMessage] = options.IncomingMessage || IncomingMessage; this[kServerResponse] = options.ServerResponse || ServerResponse; const maxHeaderSize = options.maxHeaderSize; if (maxHeaderSize !== undefined) validateInteger(maxHeaderSize, 'maxHeaderSize', 0); this.maxHeaderSize = maxHeaderSize; const insecureHTTPParser = options.insecureHTTPParser; if (insecureHTTPParser !== undefined && typeof insecureHTTPParser !== 'boolean') { throw new ERR_INVALID_ARG_TYPE( 'insecureHTTPParser', 'boolean', insecureHTTPParser); } this.insecureHTTPParser = insecureHTTPParser; net.Server.call(this, { allowHalfOpen: true }); if (requestListener) { this.on('request', requestListener); } // Similar option to this. Too lazy to write my own docs. // http://www.squid-cache.org/Doc/config/half_closed_clients/ // http://wiki.squid-cache.org/SquidFaq/InnerWorkings#What_is_a_half-closed_filedescriptor.3F this.httpAllowHalfOpen = false; this.on('connection', connectionListener); this.timeout = 0; this.keepAliveTimeout = 5000; this.maxHeadersCount = null; this.headersTimeout = 60 * 1000; // 60 seconds } ObjectSetPrototypeOf(Server.prototype, net.Server.prototype); ObjectSetPrototypeOf(Server, net.Server); Server.prototype.setTimeout = function setTimeout(msecs, callback) { this.timeout = msecs; if (callback) this.on('timeout', callback); return this; }; Server.prototype[EE.captureRejectionSymbol] = function( err, event, ...args) { switch (event) { case 'request': const [ , res] = args; if (!res.headersSent && !res.writableEnded) { // Don't leak headers. for (const name of res.getHeaderNames()) { res.removeHeader(name); } res.statusCode = 500; res.end(STATUS_CODES[500]); } else { res.destroy(); } break; default: net.Server.prototype[SymbolFor('nodejs.rejection')] .call(this, err, event, ...args); } }; function connectionListener(socket) { defaultTriggerAsyncIdScope( getOrSetAsyncId(socket), connectionListenerInternal, this, socket ); } function connectionListenerInternal(server, socket) { debug('SERVER new http connection'); // Ensure that the server property of the socket is correctly set. // See https://github.com/nodejs/node/issues/13435 socket.server = server; // If the user has added a listener to the server, // request, or response, then it's their responsibility. // otherwise, destroy on timeout by default if (server.timeout && typeof socket.setTimeout === 'function') socket.setTimeout(server.timeout); socket.on('timeout', socketOnTimeout); const parser = parsers.alloc(); // TODO(addaleax): This doesn't play well with the // `async_hooks.currentResource()` proposal, see // https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/21313 parser.initialize( HTTPParser.REQUEST, new HTTPServerAsyncResource('HTTPINCOMINGMESSAGE', socket), server.maxHeaderSize || 0, server.insecureHTTPParser === undefined ? isLenient() : server.insecureHTTPParser, ); parser.socket = socket; // We are starting to wait for our headers. parser.parsingHeadersStart = nowDate(); socket.parser = parser; // Propagate headers limit from server instance to parser if (typeof server.maxHeadersCount === 'number') { parser.maxHeaderPairs = server.maxHeadersCount << 1; } const state = { onData: null, onEnd: null, onClose: null, onDrain: null, outgoing: [], incoming: [], // `outgoingData` is an approximate amount of bytes queued through all // inactive responses. If more data than the high watermark is queued - we // need to pause TCP socket/HTTP parser, and wait until the data will be // sent to the client. outgoingData: 0, keepAliveTimeoutSet: false }; state.onData = socketOnData.bind(undefined, server, socket, parser, state); state.onEnd = socketOnEnd.bind(undefined, server, socket, parser, state); state.onClose = socketOnClose.bind(undefined, socket, state); state.onDrain = socketOnDrain.bind(undefined, socket, state); socket.on('data', state.onData); socket.on('error', socketOnError); socket.on('end', state.onEnd); socket.on('close', state.onClose); socket.on('drain', state.onDrain); parser.onIncoming = parserOnIncoming.bind(undefined, server, socket, state); // We are consuming socket, so it won't get any actual data socket.on('resume', onSocketResume); socket.on('pause', onSocketPause); // Overrides to unconsume on `data`, `readable` listeners socket.on = generateSocketListenerWrapper('on'); socket.addListener = generateSocketListenerWrapper('addListener'); socket.prependListener = generateSocketListenerWrapper('prependListener'); // We only consume the socket if it has never been consumed before. if (socket._handle && socket._handle.isStreamBase && !socket._handle._consumed) { parser._consumed = true; socket._handle._consumed = true; parser.consume(socket._handle); } parser[kOnExecute] = onParserExecute.bind(undefined, server, socket, parser, state); socket._paused = false; } function updateOutgoingData(socket, state, delta) { state.outgoingData += delta; socketOnDrain(socket, state); } function socketOnDrain(socket, state) { const needPause = state.outgoingData > socket.writableHighWaterMark; // If we previously paused, then start reading again. if (socket._paused && !needPause) { socket._paused = false; if (socket.parser) socket.parser.resume(); socket.resume(); } const msg = socket._httpMessage; if (msg && !msg.finished && msg[kNeedDrain]) { msg[kNeedDrain] = false; msg.emit('drain'); } } function socketOnTimeout() { const req = this.parser && this.parser.incoming; const reqTimeout = req && !req.complete && req.emit('timeout', this); const res = this._httpMessage; const resTimeout = res && res.emit('timeout', this); const serverTimeout = this.server.emit('timeout', this); if (!reqTimeout && !resTimeout && !serverTimeout) this.destroy(); } function socketOnClose(socket, state) { debug('server socket close'); // Mark this parser as reusable if (socket.parser) { freeParser(socket.parser, null, socket); } abortIncoming(state.incoming); } function abortIncoming(incoming) { while (incoming.length) { const req = incoming.shift(); req.aborted = true; req.emit('aborted'); req.emit('close'); } // Abort socket._httpMessage ? } function socketOnEnd(server, socket, parser, state) { const ret = parser.finish(); if (ret instanceof Error) { debug('parse error'); socketOnError.call(socket, ret); return; } if (!server.httpAllowHalfOpen) { abortIncoming(state.incoming); if (socket.writable) socket.end(); } else if (state.outgoing.length) { state.outgoing[state.outgoing.length - 1]._last = true; } else if (socket._httpMessage) { socket._httpMessage._last = true; } else if (socket.writable) { socket.end(); } } function socketOnData(server, socket, parser, state, d) { assert(!socket._paused); debug('SERVER socketOnData %d', d.length); const ret = parser.execute(d); onParserExecuteCommon(server, socket, parser, state, ret, d); } function onParserExecute(server, socket, parser, state, ret) { socket._unrefTimer(); const start = parser.parsingHeadersStart; debug('SERVER socketOnParserExecute %d', ret); // If we have not parsed the headers, destroy the socket // after server.headersTimeout to protect from DoS attacks. // start === 0 means that we have parsed headers. if (start !== 0 && nowDate() - start > server.headersTimeout) { const serverTimeout = server.emit('timeout', socket); if (!serverTimeout) socket.destroy(); return; } onParserExecuteCommon(server, socket, parser, state, ret, undefined); } const noop = () => {}; const badRequestResponse = Buffer.from( `HTTP/1.1 400 ${STATUS_CODES[400]}${CRLF}` + `Connection: close${CRLF}${CRLF}`, 'ascii' ); const requestHeaderFieldsTooLargeResponse = Buffer.from( `HTTP/1.1 431 ${STATUS_CODES[431]}${CRLF}` + `Connection: close${CRLF}${CRLF}`, 'ascii' ); function socketOnError(e) { // Ignore further errors this.removeListener('error', socketOnError); this.on('error', noop); if (!this.server.emit('clientError', e, this)) { if (this.writable) { const response = e.code === 'HPE_HEADER_OVERFLOW' ? requestHeaderFieldsTooLargeResponse : badRequestResponse; this.write(response); } this.destroy(e); } } function onParserExecuteCommon(server, socket, parser, state, ret, d) { resetSocketTimeout(server, socket, state); if (ret instanceof Error) { prepareError(ret, parser, d); ret.rawPacket = d || parser.getCurrentBuffer(); debug('parse error', ret); socketOnError.call(socket, ret); } else if (parser.incoming && parser.incoming.upgrade) { // Upgrade or CONNECT const req = parser.incoming; debug('SERVER upgrade or connect', req.method); if (!d) d = parser.getCurrentBuffer(); socket.removeListener('data', state.onData); socket.removeListener('end', state.onEnd); socket.removeListener('close', state.onClose); socket.removeListener('drain', state.onDrain); socket.removeListener('error', socketOnError); socket.removeListener('timeout', socketOnTimeout); unconsume(parser, socket); parser.finish(); freeParser(parser, req, socket); parser = null; const eventName = req.method === 'CONNECT' ? 'connect' : 'upgrade'; if (eventName === 'upgrade' || server.listenerCount(eventName) > 0) { debug('SERVER have listener for %s', eventName); const bodyHead = d.slice(ret, d.length); socket.readableFlowing = null; server.emit(eventName, req, socket, bodyHead); } else { // Got CONNECT method, but have no handler. socket.destroy(); } } if (socket._paused && socket.parser) { // onIncoming paused the socket, we should pause the parser as well debug('pause parser'); socket.parser.pause(); } } function clearIncoming(req) { req = req || this; const parser = req.socket && req.socket.parser; // Reset the .incoming property so that the request object can be gc'ed. if (parser && parser.incoming === req) { if (req.readableEnded) { parser.incoming = null; } else { req.on('end', clearIncoming); } } } function resOnFinish(req, res, socket, state, server) { // Usually the first incoming element should be our request. it may // be that in the case abortIncoming() was called that the incoming // array will be empty. assert(state.incoming.length === 0 || state.incoming[0] === req); state.incoming.shift(); clearIncoming(req); // If the user never called req.read(), and didn't pipe() or // .resume() or .on('data'), then we call req._dump() so that the // bytes will be pulled off the wire. if (!req._consuming && !req._readableState.resumeScheduled) req._dump(); res.detachSocket(socket); req.emit('close'); process.nextTick(emitCloseNT, res); if (res._last) { if (typeof socket.destroySoon === 'function') { socket.destroySoon(); } else { socket.end(); } } else if (state.outgoing.length === 0) { if (server.keepAliveTimeout && typeof socket.setTimeout === 'function') { socket.setTimeout(server.keepAliveTimeout); state.keepAliveTimeoutSet = true; } } else { // Start sending the next message const m = state.outgoing.shift(); if (m) { m.assignSocket(socket); } } } function emitCloseNT(self) { self.emit('close'); } // The following callback is issued after the headers have been read on a // new message. In this callback we setup the response object and pass it // to the user. function parserOnIncoming(server, socket, state, req, keepAlive) { resetSocketTimeout(server, socket, state); if (server.keepAliveTimeout > 0) { req.on('end', resetHeadersTimeoutOnReqEnd); } // Set to zero to communicate that we have finished parsing. socket.parser.parsingHeadersStart = 0; if (req.upgrade) { req.upgrade = req.method === 'CONNECT' || server.listenerCount('upgrade') > 0; if (req.upgrade) return 2; } state.incoming.push(req); // If the writable end isn't consuming, then stop reading // so that we don't become overwhelmed by a flood of // pipelined requests that may never be resolved. if (!socket._paused) { const ws = socket._writableState; if (ws.needDrain || state.outgoingData >= socket.writableHighWaterMark) { socket._paused = true; // We also need to pause the parser, but don't do that until after // the call to execute, because we may still be processing the last // chunk. socket.pause(); } } const res = new server[kServerResponse](req); res._onPendingData = updateOutgoingData.bind(undefined, socket, state); res.shouldKeepAlive = keepAlive; DTRACE_HTTP_SERVER_REQUEST(req, socket); if (socket._httpMessage) { // There are already pending outgoing res, append. state.outgoing.push(res); } else { res.assignSocket(socket); } // When we're finished writing the response, check if this is the last // response, if so destroy the socket. res.on('finish', resOnFinish.bind(undefined, req, res, socket, state, server)); if (req.headers.expect !== undefined && (req.httpVersionMajor === 1 && req.httpVersionMinor === 1)) { if (continueExpression.test(req.headers.expect)) { res._expect_continue = true; if (server.listenerCount('checkContinue') > 0) { server.emit('checkContinue', req, res); } else { res.writeContinue(); server.emit('request', req, res); } } else if (server.listenerCount('checkExpectation') > 0) { server.emit('checkExpectation', req, res); } else { res.writeHead(417); res.end(); } } else { server.emit('request', req, res); } return 0; // No special treatment. } function resetSocketTimeout(server, socket, state) { if (!state.keepAliveTimeoutSet) return; socket.setTimeout(server.timeout || 0); state.keepAliveTimeoutSet = false; } function onSocketResume() { // It may seem that the socket is resumed, but this is an enemy's trick to // deceive us! `resume` is emitted asynchronously, and may be called from // `incoming.readStart()`. Stop the socket again here, just to preserve the // state. // // We don't care about stream semantics for the consumed socket anyway. if (this._paused) { this.pause(); return; } if (this._handle && !this._handle.reading) { this._handle.reading = true; this._handle.readStart(); } } function onSocketPause() { if (this._handle && this._handle.reading) { this._handle.reading = false; this._handle.readStop(); } } function unconsume(parser, socket) { if (socket._handle) { if (parser._consumed) parser.unconsume(); parser._consumed = false; socket.removeListener('pause', onSocketPause); socket.removeListener('resume', onSocketResume); } } function generateSocketListenerWrapper(originalFnName) { return function socketListenerWrap(ev, fn) { const res = net.Socket.prototype[originalFnName].call(this, ev, fn); if (!this.parser) { this.on = net.Socket.prototype.on; this.addListener = net.Socket.prototype.addListener; this.prependListener = net.Socket.prototype.prependListener; return res; } if (ev === 'data' || ev === 'readable') unconsume(this.parser, this); return res; }; } function resetHeadersTimeoutOnReqEnd() { debug('resetHeadersTimeoutOnReqEnd'); const parser = this.socket.parser; // Parser can be null if the socket was destroyed // in that case, there is nothing to do. if (parser) { parser.parsingHeadersStart = nowDate(); } } module.exports = { STATUS_CODES, Server, ServerResponse, _connectionListener: connectionListener, kServerResponse };