diff --git a/src/context.ts b/src/context.ts
index 81e39207..fe615750 100644
--- a/src/context.ts
+++ b/src/context.ts
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ export class Context<RequestParamKeyType = string> {
     req: Request<RequestParamKeyType>,
     opts?: { res: Response; env: Env; event: FetchEvent }
   ) {
-    this.req = req
+    this.req = this.initRequest(req)
     if (opts) {
       this.res = opts.res
       this.env = opts.env
@@ -34,14 +34,18 @@ export class Context<RequestParamKeyType = string> {
     this._headers = {}
   }
 
+  private initRequest<T>(req: Request<T>): Request<T> {
+    req.header = (name: string): string => {
+      return req.headers.get(name)
+    }
+    req.query = (key: string): string => {
+      const url = new URL(req.url)
+      return url.searchParams.get(key)
+    }
+    return req
+  }
+
   header(name: string, value: string): void {
-    /*
-    XXX:
-    app.use('*', (c, next) => {
-      next()
-      c.header('foo', 'bar') // => c.res.headers.set(...)
-    })
-    */
     if (this.res) {
       this.res.headers.set(name, value)
     }
@@ -101,7 +105,7 @@ export class Context<RequestParamKeyType = string> {
 
   json(object: object, status: StatusCode = this._status, headers: Headers = {}): Response {
     if (typeof object !== 'object') {
-      throw new TypeError('json method arg must be a object!')
+      throw new TypeError('json method arg must be an object!')
     }
     const body = this._pretty
       ? JSON.stringify(object, null, this._prettySpace)
diff --git a/src/hono.ts b/src/hono.ts
index e7dafa82..fdb05510 100644
--- a/src/hono.ts
+++ b/src/hono.ts
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ declare global {
     param: (key: ParamKeyType) => string
     query: (key: string) => string
     header: (name: string) => string
-    // TODO: do not use `any`
     parsedBody: any
   }
 }
@@ -64,11 +63,11 @@ export class Hono extends defineDynamicClass(
   'patch',
   'all'
 ) {
-  routerClass: { new (): Router<any> } = TrieRouter
-  strict: boolean = true // strict routing - default is true
-  router: Router<Handler>
-  middlewareRouters: Router<MiddlewareHandler>[]
-  tempPath: string
+  readonly routerClass: { new (): Router<any> } = TrieRouter
+  readonly strict: boolean = true // strict routing - default is true
+  private router: Router<Handler>
+  private middlewareRouters: Router<MiddlewareHandler>[]
+  private tempPath: string
 
   constructor(init: Partial<Pick<Hono, 'routerClass' | 'strict'>> = {}) {
     super()
@@ -137,7 +136,7 @@ export class Hono extends defineDynamicClass(
     return this.router.match(method, path)
   }
 
-  async dispatch(request: Request, env?: Env, event?: FetchEvent): Promise<Response> {
+  private async dispatch(request: Request, env?: Env, event?: FetchEvent): Promise<Response> {
     const path = getPathFromURL(request.url, { strict: this.strict })
     const method = request.method
 
@@ -147,13 +146,6 @@ export class Hono extends defineDynamicClass(
     request.param = (key: string): string => {
       if (result) return result.params[key]
     }
-    request.header = (name: string): string => {
-      return request.headers.get(name)
-    }
-    request.query = (key: string): string => {
-      const url = new URL(c.req.url)
-      return url.searchParams.get(key)
-    }
 
     const handler = result ? result.handler : this.notFoundHandler
 
@@ -192,12 +184,12 @@ export class Hono extends defineDynamicClass(
     return this.dispatch(request, env, event)
   }
 
-  request(input: RequestInfo, requestInit?: RequestInit) {
-    const req = new Request(input, requestInit)
+  request(input: RequestInfo, requestInit?: RequestInit): Promise<Response> {
+    const req = input instanceof Request ? input : new Request(input, requestInit)
     return this.dispatch(req)
   }
 
-  fire() {
+  fire(): void {
     addEventListener('fetch', (event: FetchEvent): void => {
       event.respondWith(this.handleEvent(event))
     })
diff --git a/src/middleware/basic-auth/index.test.ts b/src/middleware/basic-auth/index.test.ts
index c68520af..f58a0165 100644
--- a/src/middleware/basic-auth/index.test.ts
+++ b/src/middleware/basic-auth/index.test.ts
@@ -67,42 +67,42 @@ describe('Basic Auth by Middleware', () => {
   app.get('/auth-multi/*', () => new Response('auth'))
   app.get('/auth-override-func/*', () => new Response('auth'))
 
-  it('Unauthorized', async () => {
+  it('Should not authorize', async () => {
     const req = new Request('http://localhost/auth/a')
-    const res = await app.dispatch(req)
+    const res = await app.request(req)
     expect(res).not.toBeNull()
     expect(res.status).toBe(401)
     expect(await res.text()).toBe('Unauthorized')
   })
 
-  it('Authorizated', async () => {
+  it('Should authorize', async () => {
     const credential = Buffer.from(username + ':' + password).toString('base64')
 
     const req = new Request('http://localhost/auth/a')
     req.headers.set('Authorization', `Basic ${credential}`)
-    const res = await app.dispatch(req)
+    const res = await app.request(req)
     expect(res).not.toBeNull()
     expect(res.status).toBe(200)
     expect(await res.text()).toBe('auth')
   })
 
-  it('Authorizated Unicode', async () => {
+  it('Should authorize Unicode', async () => {
     const credential = Buffer.from(username + ':' + unicodePassword).toString('base64')
 
     const req = new Request('http://localhost/auth-unicode/a')
     req.headers.set('Authorization', `Basic ${credential}`)
-    const res = await app.dispatch(req)
+    const res = await app.request(req)
     expect(res).not.toBeNull()
     expect(res.status).toBe(200)
     expect(await res.text()).toBe('auth')
   })
 
-  it('Authorizated multiple users', async () => {
+  it('Should authorize multiple users', async () => {
     let credential = Buffer.from(usernameB + ':' + passwordB).toString('base64')
 
     let req = new Request('http://localhost/auth-multi/b')
     req.headers.set('Authorization', `Basic ${credential}`)
-    let res = await app.dispatch(req)
+    let res = await app.request(req)
     expect(res).not.toBeNull()
     expect(res.status).toBe(200)
     expect(await res.text()).toBe('auth')
@@ -110,18 +110,18 @@ describe('Basic Auth by Middleware', () => {
     credential = Buffer.from(usernameC + ':' + passwordC).toString('base64')
     req = new Request('http://localhost/auth-multi/c')
     req.headers.set('Authorization', `Basic ${credential}`)
-    res = await app.dispatch(req)
+    res = await app.request(req)
     expect(res).not.toBeNull()
     expect(res.status).toBe(200)
     expect(await res.text()).toBe('auth')
   })
 
-  it('should authorize with sha256 function override', async () => {
+  it('Should authorize with sha256 function override', async () => {
     const credential = Buffer.from(username + ':' + password).toString('base64')
 
     const req = new Request('http://localhost/auth-override-func/a')
     req.headers.set('Authorization', `Basic ${credential}`)
-    const res = await app.dispatch(req)
+    const res = await app.request(req)
     expect(res).not.toBeNull()
     expect(res.status).toBe(200)
     expect(await res.text()).toBe('auth')
diff --git a/src/middleware/body-parse/index.test.ts b/src/middleware/body-parse/index.test.ts
index cbd4b2ce..267fff24 100644
--- a/src/middleware/body-parse/index.test.ts
+++ b/src/middleware/body-parse/index.test.ts
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ describe('Parse Body Middleware', () => {
       body: JSON.stringify(payload),
       headers: new Headers({ 'Content-Type': 'application/json' }),
     })
-    const res = await app.dispatch(req)
+    const res = await app.request(req)
     expect(res).not.toBeNull()
     expect(res.status).toBe(200)
     expect(req.parsedBody).toEqual(payload)
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ describe('Parse Body Middleware', () => {
       body: 'hello',
       headers: new Headers({ 'Content-Type': 'application/text' }),
     })
-    const res = await app.dispatch(req)
+    const res = await app.request(req)
     expect(res).not.toBeNull()
     expect(res.status).toBe(200)
     expect(req.parsedBody).toEqual(payload)
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ describe('Parse Body Middleware', () => {
         'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
       },
     })
-    const res = await app.dispatch(req)
+    const res = await app.request(req)
     expect(res).not.toBeNull()
     expect(res.status).toBe(200)
     expect(req.parsedBody).toEqual({ message: 'hello' })
diff --git a/src/middleware/cookie/index.test.ts b/src/middleware/cookie/index.test.ts
index 2748599a..e842692f 100644
--- a/src/middleware/cookie/index.test.ts
+++ b/src/middleware/cookie/index.test.ts
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ describe('Cookie Middleware', () => {
     const req = new Request('http://localhost/cookie')
     const cookieString = 'yummy_cookie=choco; tasty_cookie = strawberry '
     req.headers.set('Cookie', cookieString)
-    const res = await app.dispatch(req)
+    const res = await app.request(req)
 
     expect(res.headers.get('Yummy-Cookie')).toBe('choco')
     expect(res.headers.get('Tasty-Cookie')).toBe('strawberry')
@@ -32,8 +32,7 @@ describe('Cookie Middleware', () => {
   })
 
   it('Set cookie on c.cookie', async () => {
-    const req = new Request('http://localhost/set-cookie')
-    const res = await app.dispatch(req)
+    const res = await app.request('http://localhost/set-cookie')
     expect(res.status).toBe(200)
     const header = res.headers.get('Set-Cookie')
     expect(header).toBe('delicious_cookie=macha')
@@ -55,8 +54,7 @@ describe('Cookie Middleware', () => {
   })
 
   it('Complex pattern', async () => {
-    const req = new Request('http://localhost/set-cookie-complex')
-    const res = await app.dispatch(req)
+    const res = await app.request('http://localhost/set-cookie-complex')
     expect(res.status).toBe(200)
     const header = res.headers.get('Set-Cookie')
     expect(header).toBe(
diff --git a/src/middleware/cors/index.test.ts b/src/middleware/cors/index.test.ts
index 50e4695e..e21ceed7 100644
--- a/src/middleware/cors/index.test.ts
+++ b/src/middleware/cors/index.test.ts
@@ -25,8 +25,7 @@ describe('CORS by Middleware', () => {
   })
 
   it('GET default', async () => {
-    const req = new Request('http://localhost/api/abc')
-    const res = await app.dispatch(req)
+    const res = await app.request('http://localhost/api/abc')
 
     expect(res.headers.get('Access-Control-Allow-Origin')).toBe('*')
     expect(res.headers.get('Vary')).toBeNull()
@@ -35,7 +34,7 @@ describe('CORS by Middleware', () => {
   it('Preflight default', async () => {
     const req = new Request('https://localhost/api/abc', { method: 'OPTIONS' })
     req.headers.append('Access-Control-Request-Headers', 'X-PINGOTHER, Content-Type')
-    const res = await app.dispatch(req)
+    const res = await app.request(req)
 
     expect(res.status).toBe(204)
     expect(res.headers.get('Access-Control-Allow-Methods').split(',')[0]).toBe('GET')
@@ -47,7 +46,7 @@ describe('CORS by Middleware', () => {
 
   it('Preflight with options', async () => {
     const req = new Request('https://localhost/api2/abc', { method: 'OPTIONS' })
-    const res = await app.dispatch(req)
+    const res = await app.request(req)
 
     expect(res.headers.get('Access-Control-Allow-Origin')).toBe('http://example.com')
     expect(res.headers.get('Vary').split(/\s*,\s*/)).toEqual(expect.arrayContaining(['Origin']))
diff --git a/src/middleware/etag/index.test.ts b/src/middleware/etag/index.test.ts
index b4921a89..45b302a4 100644
--- a/src/middleware/etag/index.test.ts
+++ b/src/middleware/etag/index.test.ts
@@ -17,43 +17,34 @@ describe('Etag Middleware', () => {
     return c.text('Hono is cool')
   })
 
-  it('should return etag header', async () => {
-    let req = new Request('http://localhost/etag/abc')
-    let res = await app.dispatch(req)
-
+  it('Should return etag header', async () => {
+    let res = await app.request('http://localhost/etag/abc')
     expect(res.headers.get('ETag')).not.toBeFalsy()
     expect(res.headers.get('ETag')).toBe('"4e32298b1cb4edc595237405e5b696e105c2399a"')
 
-    req = new Request('http://localhost/etag/def')
-    res = await app.dispatch(req)
-
+    res = await app.request('http://localhost/etag/def')
     expect(res.headers.get('ETag')).not.toBeFalsy()
     expect(res.headers.get('ETag')).toBe('"c1d44ff03aff1372856c281854f454e2e1d15b7c"')
   })
 
-  it('should return etag header - weak', async () => {
-    const req = new Request('http://localhost/etag-weak/abc')
-    const res = await app.dispatch(req)
-
+  it('Should return etag header - weak', async () => {
+    const res = await app.request('http://localhost/etag-weak/abc')
     expect(res.headers.get('ETag')).not.toBeFalsy()
     expect(res.headers.get('ETag')).toBe('W/"4e32298b1cb4edc595237405e5b696e105c2399a"')
   })
 
-  it('should return 304 response', async () => {
-    let req = new Request('http://localhost/etag/abc')
-    let res = await app.dispatch(req)
-
+  it('Should return 304 response', async () => {
+    let res = await app.request('http://localhost/etag/abc')
     expect(res.status).toBe(200)
     expect(res.headers.get('ETag')).not.toBeFalsy()
     const etag = res.headers.get('Etag')
 
-    req = new Request('http://localhost/etag/abc', {
+    const req = new Request('http://localhost/etag/abc', {
       headers: {
         'If-None-Match': etag,
       },
     })
-    res = await app.dispatch(req)
-
+    res = await app.request(req)
     expect(res.status).toBe(304)
     expect(await res.text()).toBe('')
   })
diff --git a/src/middleware/logger/index.test.ts b/src/middleware/logger/index.test.ts
index 6dab1198..d13521cb 100644
--- a/src/middleware/logger/index.test.ts
+++ b/src/middleware/logger/index.test.ts
@@ -18,8 +18,7 @@ describe('Logger by Middleware', () => {
   app.get('/empty', (c) => c.text(''))
 
   it('Log status 200 with empty body', async () => {
-    const req = new Request('http://localhost/empty')
-    const res = await app.dispatch(req)
+    const res = await app.request('http://localhost/empty')
     expect(res).not.toBeNull()
     expect(res.status).toBe(200)
     expect(log.startsWith('  --> GET /empty \x1b[32m200\x1b[0m')).toBe(true)
@@ -27,8 +26,7 @@ describe('Logger by Middleware', () => {
   })
 
   it('Log status 200 with small body', async () => {
-    const req = new Request('http://localhost/short')
-    const res = await app.dispatch(req)
+    const res = await app.request('http://localhost/short')
     expect(res).not.toBeNull()
     expect(res.status).toBe(200)
     expect(log.startsWith('  --> GET /short \x1b[32m200\x1b[0m')).toBe(true)
@@ -36,8 +34,7 @@ describe('Logger by Middleware', () => {
   })
 
   it('Log status 200 with big body', async () => {
-    const req = new Request('http://localhost/long')
-    const res = await app.dispatch(req)
+    const res = await app.request('http://localhost/long')
     expect(res).not.toBeNull()
     expect(res.status).toBe(200)
     expect(log.startsWith('  --> GET /long \x1b[32m200\x1b[0m')).toBe(true)
@@ -49,9 +46,7 @@ describe('Logger by Middleware', () => {
     app.all('*', (c) => {
       return c.text(msg, 404)
     })
-
-    const req = new Request('http://localhost/notfound')
-    const res = await app.dispatch(req)
+    const res = await app.request('http://localhost/notfound')
     expect(res).not.toBeNull()
     expect(res.status).toBe(404)
     expect(log.startsWith('  --> GET /notfound \x1b[33m404\x1b[0m')).toBe(true)
diff --git a/src/middleware/mustache/index.test.ts b/src/middleware/mustache/index.test.ts
index 8e8f4b28..790d50d3 100644
--- a/src/middleware/mustache/index.test.ts
+++ b/src/middleware/mustache/index.test.ts
@@ -45,15 +45,13 @@ describe('Mustache by Middleware', () => {
   })
 
   it('Mustache template rendering', async () => {
-    const req = new Request('http://localhost/foo')
-    const res = await app.dispatch(req)
+    const res = await app.request('http://localhost/foo')
     expect(res.status).toBe(200)
     expect(await res.text()).toBe('<html><body>Title: Hono!</body></html>')
   })
 
   it('Mustache template rendering with root', async () => {
-    const req = new Request('http://localhost/bar')
-    const res = await app.dispatch(req)
+    const res = await app.request('http://localhost/bar')
     expect(res.status).toBe(200)
     expect(await res.text()).toBe('<h1>With Root</h1>')
   })
diff --git a/src/middleware/powered-by/index.test.ts b/src/middleware/powered-by/index.test.ts
index 29529ae6..8be7874f 100644
--- a/src/middleware/powered-by/index.test.ts
+++ b/src/middleware/powered-by/index.test.ts
@@ -5,11 +5,10 @@ describe('Powered by Middleware', () => {
   const app = new Hono()
 
   app.use('*', poweredBy())
-  app.get('/', () => new Response('root'))
+  app.get('/', (c) => c.text('root'))
 
-  it('Response headers include X-Powered-By', async () => {
-    const req = new Request('http://localhost/')
-    const res = await app.dispatch(req)
+  it('Should return with X-Powered-By header', async () => {
+    const res = await app.request('http://localhost/')
     expect(res).not.toBeNull()
     expect(res.status).toBe(200)
     expect(res.headers.get('X-Powered-By')).toBe('Hono')
diff --git a/src/middleware/pretty-json/index.test.ts b/src/middleware/pretty-json/index.test.ts
index 1f279a91..42a2f4cb 100644
--- a/src/middleware/pretty-json/index.test.ts
+++ b/src/middleware/pretty-json/index.test.ts
@@ -10,8 +10,7 @@ describe('JSON pretty by Middleware', () => {
 
   it('Should return pretty JSON output', async () => {
     app.use('*', prettyJSON())
-    const req = new Request('http://localhost/?pretty')
-    const res = await app.dispatch(req)
+    const res = await app.request('http://localhost/?pretty')
     expect(res).not.toBeNull()
     expect(res.status).toBe(200)
     expect(await res.text()).toBe(`{
@@ -21,8 +20,7 @@ describe('JSON pretty by Middleware', () => {
 
   it('Should return pretty JSON output with 4 spaces', async () => {
     app.use('*', prettyJSON({ space: 4 }))
-    const req = new Request('http://localhost/?pretty')
-    const res = await app.dispatch(req)
+    const res = await app.request('http://localhost/?pretty')
     expect(res).not.toBeNull()
     expect(res.status).toBe(200)
     expect(await res.text()).toBe(`{
diff --git a/src/middleware/serve-static/index.test.ts b/src/middleware/serve-static/index.test.ts
index 6ad3c441..f0240eef 100644
--- a/src/middleware/serve-static/index.test.ts
+++ b/src/middleware/serve-static/index.test.ts
@@ -26,40 +26,40 @@ Object.assign(global, {
 
 describe('ServeStatic Middleware', () => {
   const app = new Hono()
-
   app.use('/static/*', serveStatic({ root: './assets' }))
   app.use('/static-no-root/*', serveStatic())
 
-  it('Serve static files', async () => {
-    let req = new Request('http://localhost/static/plain.txt')
-    let res = await app.dispatch(req)
+  it('Should return plain.txt', async () => {
+    const res = await app.request('http://localhost/static/plain.txt')
     expect(res.status).toBe(200)
     expect(await res.text()).toBe('This is plain.txt')
     expect(res.headers.get('Content-Type')).toBe('text/plain; charset=utf-8')
     expect(res.headers.get('Content-Length')).toBe('17')
+  })
 
-    req = new Request('http://localhost/static/hono.html')
-    res = await app.dispatch(req)
+  it('Should return hono.html', async () => {
+    const res = await app.request('http://localhost/static/hono.html')
     expect(res.status).toBe(200)
     expect(await res.text()).toBe('<h1>Hono!</h1>')
     expect(res.headers.get('Content-Type')).toBe('text/html; charset=utf-8')
     expect(res.headers.get('Content-Length')).toBe('14')
+  })
 
-    req = new Request('http://localhost/static/not-found.html')
-    res = await app.dispatch(req)
+  it('Should return 404 response', async () => {
+    const res = await app.request('http://localhost/static/not-found.html')
     expect(res.status).toBe(404)
+  })
 
-    req = new Request('http://localhost/static-no-root/plain.txt')
-    res = await app.dispatch(req)
+  it('Should return plan.txt', async () => {
+    const res = await app.request('http://localhost/static-no-root/plain.txt')
     expect(res.status).toBe(200)
     expect(await res.text()).toBe('That is plain.txt')
     expect(res.headers.get('Content-Type')).toBe('text/plain; charset=utf-8')
     expect(res.headers.get('Content-Length')).toBe('17')
   })
 
-  it('Serve index.html', async () => {
-    const req = new Request('http://localhost/static/top')
-    const res = await app.dispatch(req)
+  it('Should return index.html', async () => {
+    const res = await app.request('http://localhost/static/top')
     expect(res.status).toBe(200)
     expect(await res.text()).toBe('<h1>Top</h1>')
     expect(res.headers.get('Content-Type')).toBe('text/html; charset=utf-8')