django/django-docs/db-api.txt

======================
Database API reference
======================

XXX INTRO HERE XXX

Throughout this reference, I'll be referring to the following Poll application::

    class Poll(meta.Model):
        module_name = 'polls'
        verbose_name = 'poll'
        db_table = 'polls'
        fields = (
            meta.SlugField('slug', 'slug', unique_for_month='pub_date'),
            meta.CharField('question', 'question', maxlength=255),
            meta.DateTimeField('pub_date', 'date published'),
            meta.DateTimeField('expire_date', 'expiration date'),
        )

    class Choice(meta.Model):
        module_name = 'choices'
        verbose_name = 'choice'
        db_table = 'poll_choices'
        fields = (
            meta.IntegerField('poll_id', 'poll', rel=meta.ManyToOne(Poll, 'poll', 'id',
                edit_inline=True, edit_inline_type=meta.TABULAR, num_in_admin=10,
                min_num_in_admin=5)),
            meta.CharField('choice', 'choice', maxlength=255, core=True),
            meta.IntegerField('votes', 'votes', editable=False, default=0),
        )

Basic lookup functions
======================

Each model exposes three basic functions for lookups: ``get_object``,
``get_list``, and ``get_count``.  These functions all take the same arguments,
but ``get_object`` assumes that only a single record will be returned (and
raises an exception if that's not true), ``get_count`` simple returns a count of
objects matched by the lookup, and ``get_list`` returns the entire list.

Field lookups
=============

Basic field lookups take the form ``field__lookuptype`` (that's a
double-underscore). For example::

    polls.get_list(pub_date__lte=datetime.datetime.now())

translates (roughly) into the following SQL:

    SELECT * FROM polls WHERE pub_date < NOW();

The DB API supports the following lookup types:

    ==========  ==============================================================
    Type        Description
    ==========  ==============================================================
    exact       Exact match: ``polls.get_object(id__exact=14)``
    iexact      Case-insensitive exact match:
                ``polls.get_list(slug__iexact="foo")`` matches a slug of ``foo``,
                ``FOO``, ``fOo``, etc.
    contains    Case-sensitive contains test:
                ``polls.get_list(question__contains="spam")`` returns all polls
                that contain "spam" in the question.
    icontains   Case-insensitive contains
    gt          Greater than: ``polls.get_list(id__gt=4)``
    gte         Greater than or equal to
    lt          Less than
    lte         Less than or equal to
    startswith  Case-sensitive starts-with:
                ``polls.get_list(question_startswith="Would")``
    endswith    Case-sensitive ends-with
    range       Range test:
                ``polls.get_list(pub_date__range=(start_date, end_date)``
                returns all polls with a pub_date between ``start_date``
                and ``end_date`` (inclusive).
    year        For date/datetime fields, exact year match:
                ``polls.get_count(pub_date__year=2005)``.
    month       For date/datetime fields, exact month match.
    day         For date/datetime fields, exact day match.
    isnull      True/False; does is IF NULL/IF NOT NULL lookup:
                ``polls.get_list(expire_date__isnull=True)``.
    ==========  ==============================================================

Multiple lookups are of course allowed, and are translated as "ands"::

    polls.get_list(
        pub_date__year=2005,
        pub_date__month=1,
        question__startswith="Would",
    )

retrieves all polls published in Jan. 2005 whose question starts with "Would."

"Or" lookups are also possible::

    XXX FIXME XXX

Ordering
========

The results are automatically ordered by the ordering tuple given by the
``ordering`` key in the model, but the ordering may be explicitly
provided by the ``order_by`` argument to a lookup::

    polls.get_list(
        pub_date__year=2005,
        pub_date__month=1,
        order_by=(("pub_date", "DESC"), ("question", "ASC")),
    )

The result set above will be ordered by ``pub_date`` (descending), then
by ``question`` (ascending).  Just like in models, the ``order_by`` clause
is a list of ordering tuples where the first element is the field and the
second is "ASC" or "DESC" to order ascending or descending.  You may also
use the tuple ``(None, "RANDOM")`` to order the result set randomly.

Relationships (joins)
=====================

Joins may implicitly be performed by following relationships:
``choices.get_list(poll__slug__exact="eggs")`` fetches a list of ``Choice``
objects where the associated ``Poll`` has a slug of ``eggs``.  Multiple levels
of joins are allowed.

Given an instance of an object, related objects can be looked up directly using
connivence functions, for example, if ``poll`` is a ``Poll`` instance,
``poll.get_choice_list()`` will return a list of all associated choices (astute
readers will note that this is the same as
``choices.get_list(poll_id__exact=poll.id)``, except clearer).

Each type of relationship creates a set of methods on each object in the
relationship.  These created methods go both ways, so objects that are
"related-to" need not explicitly define reverse relationships; that happens
automatically.

One-to-one relations
--------------------

Each object in a one-to-one relationship will have a ``get_relatedobject()``
method. For example::

    class Place(meta.Model):
        ...
        fields = (
            ...
        )

    class Restaurant(meta.Model):
        ...
        fields = (
            meta.IntegerField('id', 'ID', primary_key=True,
                rel=meta.OneToOne(places.Place, 'place', 'id')),
            ...
        )

In the above example, each ``Place`` will have a ``get_restaurant()`` method,
and each ``Restaurant`` will have a ``get_place()`` method.

Many-to-one relations
---------------------

In each many-to-one relationship the related object will have a
``get_relatedobject()`` method, and the related-to object will have
``get_relatedobject()``, ``get_relatedobject_list()``, and
``get_relatedobject_count()`` methods (the same as the module-level
``get_object()``, ``get_list()``, and ``get_count()`` methods).

Thus, for the ``Poll`` example at the top, ``Choice`` objects will have a
``get_poll()`` method, and ``Poll`` objects will have ``get_choice()``,
``get_choice_list()``, and ``get_choice_count()`` functions.

Many-to-many relations
----------------------

Many-to-many relations result in the same set of methods as `Many-to-one relations`_,
except that the ``get_relatedobjects()`` function on the related object will
return a list of instances instead of a single instance.  So, if the relationship
between ``Poll`` and ``Choice`` was many-to-many, ``choice.get_polls()`` would
return a list.

Relationships across applications
---------------------------------

If a relation spans applications -- if ``Place`` was had a ManyToOne relation to
a ``geo.City`` object, for example -- the name of the other application will be
added to the method, i.e. ``place.get_geo_city()`` and
``city.get_places_place_list()``.

Selecting related objects
-------------------------

Relations are the bread and butter of databases, so there's an option to "follow"
all relationships and pre-fill them in a simple cache so that later calls to
objects with a one-to-many relationship don't have to hit the database.  If you pass
``select_related=True`` to a lookup, this pre-caching of relationships will be performed.
This results in (sometimes much) larger queries, but it means that later use of
relationships is much faster.

For example, using the Poll and Choice models from above, if you do the following::

    c = choices.get_object(id__exact=5, select_related=True)

Then subsequent calls to ``c.get_poll()`` won't hit the database.

Limiting selected rows
======================

The ``limit``, ``offset``, and ``distinct`` keywords can be used to control
which rows are returned.  Both ``limit`` and ``offset`` should be integers which
will be directly passed to the SQL ``LIMIT``/``OFFSET`` commands.

If ``distinct`` is True, only distinct rows will be returned (this is equivalent
to a ``SELECT DISTINCT`` SQL clause).

Other lookup options
====================

There are a few other ways of more directly controlling the generated SQL
for the lookup.  Note that by definition these extra lookups may not be
portable to different database engines (since you're explicitly writing
SQL code) and should be avoided where ever possible.:

``params``
----------

All the extra-SQL params described below may use standard Python string
formatting codes to indicate parameters that the database engine will
automatically quote.  The ``params`` argument can contain any extra
parameters to be substituted.

``select``
----------

The ``select`` keyword allows you to select extra fields.  This should be a
dict mapping field names to a SQL clause to use for that field.  For example::

    polls.get_list(
        select={
            'choice_count' : 'SELECT COUNT(*) FROM choices WHERE poll_id = polls.id'
        }
    )

Each of the resulting ``Poll`` objects will have an extra ``choice_count`` with
a count of associated ``Choice`` objects.  Note that the parenthesis required by
most database engines around sub-selects are not required in Django's ``select``
clauses.

``where`` / ``tables``
----------------------

If you need to explicitly pass extra ``WHERE`` clauses -- perhaps to perform
non-explicit joins -- use the ``where`` keyword..  If you need to
join other tables into your query, you can pass their names to ``tables``.

Creating new objects
====================