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383 lines
15 KiB
Plaintext
=============================
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How to manage error reporting
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=============================
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When you're running a public site you should always turn off the
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:setting:`DEBUG` setting. That will make your server run much faster, and will
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also prevent malicious users from seeing details of your application that can be
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revealed by the error pages.
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However, running with :setting:`DEBUG` set to ``False`` means you'll never see
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errors generated by your site -- everyone will instead see your public error
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pages. You need to keep track of errors that occur in deployed sites, so Django
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can be configured to create reports with details about those errors.
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Email reports
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=============
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Server errors
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-------------
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When :setting:`DEBUG` is ``False``, Django will email the users listed in the
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:setting:`ADMINS` setting whenever your code raises an unhandled exception and
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results in an internal server error (strictly speaking, for any response with
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an HTTP status code of 500 or greater). This gives the administrators immediate
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notification of any errors. The :setting:`ADMINS` will get a description of the
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error, a complete Python traceback, and details about the HTTP request that
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caused the error.
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.. note::
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In order to send email, Django requires a few settings telling it
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how to connect to your mail server. At the very least, you'll need
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to specify :setting:`EMAIL_HOST` and possibly
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:setting:`EMAIL_HOST_USER` and :setting:`EMAIL_HOST_PASSWORD`,
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though other settings may be also required depending on your mail
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server's configuration. Consult :doc:`the Django settings
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documentation </ref/settings>` for a full list of email-related
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settings.
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By default, Django will send email from root@localhost. However, some mail
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providers reject all email from this address. To use a different sender
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address, modify the :setting:`SERVER_EMAIL` setting.
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To activate this behavior, put the email addresses of the recipients in the
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:setting:`ADMINS` setting.
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.. seealso::
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Server error emails are sent using the logging framework, so you can
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customize this behavior by :doc:`customizing your logging configuration
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</topics/logging>`.
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404 errors
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----------
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Django can also be configured to email errors about broken links (404 "page
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not found" errors). Django sends emails about 404 errors when:
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* :setting:`DEBUG` is ``False``;
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* Your :setting:`MIDDLEWARE` setting includes
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:class:`django.middleware.common.BrokenLinkEmailsMiddleware`.
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If those conditions are met, Django will email the users listed in the
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:setting:`MANAGERS` setting whenever your code raises a 404 and the request has
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a referer. It doesn't bother to email for 404s that don't have a referer --
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those are usually people typing in broken URLs or broken web bots. It also
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ignores 404s when the referer is equal to the requested URL, since this
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behavior is from broken web bots too.
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.. note::
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:class:`~django.middleware.common.BrokenLinkEmailsMiddleware` must appear
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before other middleware that intercepts 404 errors, such as
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:class:`~django.middleware.locale.LocaleMiddleware` or
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:class:`~django.contrib.flatpages.middleware.FlatpageFallbackMiddleware`.
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Put it toward the top of your :setting:`MIDDLEWARE` setting.
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You can tell Django to stop reporting particular 404s by tweaking the
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:setting:`IGNORABLE_404_URLS` setting. It should be a list of compiled
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regular expression objects. For example::
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import re
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IGNORABLE_404_URLS = [
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re.compile(r'\.(php|cgi)$'),
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re.compile(r'^/phpmyadmin/'),
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]
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In this example, a 404 to any URL ending with ``.php`` or ``.cgi`` will *not* be
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reported. Neither will any URL starting with ``/phpmyadmin/``.
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The following example shows how to exclude some conventional URLs that browsers and
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crawlers often request::
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import re
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IGNORABLE_404_URLS = [
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re.compile(r'^/apple-touch-icon.*\.png$'),
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re.compile(r'^/favicon\.ico$'),
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re.compile(r'^/robots\.txt$'),
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]
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(Note that these are regular expressions, so we put a backslash in front of
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periods to escape them.)
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If you'd like to customize the behavior of
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:class:`django.middleware.common.BrokenLinkEmailsMiddleware` further (for
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example to ignore requests coming from web crawlers), you should subclass it
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and override its methods.
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.. seealso::
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404 errors are logged using the logging framework. By default, these log
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records are ignored, but you can use them for error reporting by writing a
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handler and :doc:`configuring logging </topics/logging>` appropriately.
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.. _filtering-error-reports:
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Filtering error reports
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=======================
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.. warning::
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Filtering sensitive data is a hard problem, and it's nearly impossible to
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guarantee that sensitive data won't leak into an error report. Therefore,
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error reports should only be available to trusted team members and you
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should avoid transmitting error reports unencrypted over the internet
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(such as through email).
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Filtering sensitive information
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-------------------------------
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.. currentmodule:: django.views.decorators.debug
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Error reports are really helpful for debugging errors, so it is generally
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useful to record as much relevant information about those errors as possible.
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For example, by default Django records the `full traceback`_ for the
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exception raised, each `traceback frame`_’s local variables, and the
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:class:`~django.http.HttpRequest`’s :ref:`attributes<httprequest-attributes>`.
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However, sometimes certain types of information may be too sensitive and thus
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may not be appropriate to be kept track of, for example a user's password or
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credit card number. So in addition to filtering out settings that appear to be
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sensitive as described in the :setting:`DEBUG` documentation, Django offers a
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set of function decorators to help you control which information should be
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filtered out of error reports in a production environment (that is, where
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:setting:`DEBUG` is set to ``False``): :func:`sensitive_variables` and
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:func:`sensitive_post_parameters`.
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.. _`full traceback`: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stack_trace
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.. _`traceback frame`: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stack_frame
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.. function:: sensitive_variables(*variables)
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If a function (either a view or any regular callback) in your code uses
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local variables susceptible to contain sensitive information, you may
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prevent the values of those variables from being included in error reports
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using the ``sensitive_variables`` decorator::
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from django.views.decorators.debug import sensitive_variables
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@sensitive_variables('user', 'pw', 'cc')
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def process_info(user):
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pw = user.pass_word
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cc = user.credit_card_number
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name = user.name
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...
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In the above example, the values for the ``user``, ``pw`` and ``cc``
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variables will be hidden and replaced with stars (``**********``)
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in the error reports, whereas the value of the ``name`` variable will be
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disclosed.
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To systematically hide all local variables of a function from error logs,
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do not provide any argument to the ``sensitive_variables`` decorator::
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@sensitive_variables()
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def my_function():
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...
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.. admonition:: When using multiple decorators
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If the variable you want to hide is also a function argument (e.g.
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'``user``’ in the following example), and if the decorated function has
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multiple decorators, then make sure to place ``@sensitive_variables``
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at the top of the decorator chain. This way it will also hide the
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function argument as it gets passed through the other decorators::
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@sensitive_variables('user', 'pw', 'cc')
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@some_decorator
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@another_decorator
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def process_info(user):
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...
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.. function:: sensitive_post_parameters(*parameters)
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If one of your views receives an :class:`~django.http.HttpRequest` object
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with :attr:`POST parameters<django.http.HttpRequest.POST>` susceptible to
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contain sensitive information, you may prevent the values of those
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parameters from being included in the error reports using the
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``sensitive_post_parameters`` decorator::
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from django.views.decorators.debug import sensitive_post_parameters
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@sensitive_post_parameters('pass_word', 'credit_card_number')
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def record_user_profile(request):
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UserProfile.create(
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user=request.user,
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password=request.POST['pass_word'],
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credit_card=request.POST['credit_card_number'],
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name=request.POST['name'],
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)
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...
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In the above example, the values for the ``pass_word`` and
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``credit_card_number`` POST parameters will be hidden and replaced with
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stars (``**********``) in the request's representation inside the
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error reports, whereas the value of the ``name`` parameter will be
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disclosed.
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To systematically hide all POST parameters of a request in error reports,
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do not provide any argument to the ``sensitive_post_parameters`` decorator::
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@sensitive_post_parameters()
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def my_view(request):
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...
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All POST parameters are systematically filtered out of error reports for
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certain :mod:`django.contrib.auth.views` views (``login``,
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``password_reset_confirm``, ``password_change``, and ``add_view`` and
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``user_change_password`` in the ``auth`` admin) to prevent the leaking of
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sensitive information such as user passwords.
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.. _custom-error-reports:
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Custom error reports
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--------------------
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All :func:`sensitive_variables` and :func:`sensitive_post_parameters` do is,
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respectively, annotate the decorated function with the names of sensitive
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variables and annotate the ``HttpRequest`` object with the names of sensitive
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POST parameters, so that this sensitive information can later be filtered out
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of reports when an error occurs. The actual filtering is done by Django's
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default error reporter filter:
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:class:`django.views.debug.SafeExceptionReporterFilter`. This filter uses the
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decorators' annotations to replace the corresponding values with stars
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(``**********``) when the error reports are produced. If you wish to
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override or customize this default behavior for your entire site, you need to
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define your own filter class and tell Django to use it via the
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:setting:`DEFAULT_EXCEPTION_REPORTER_FILTER` setting::
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DEFAULT_EXCEPTION_REPORTER_FILTER = 'path.to.your.CustomExceptionReporterFilter'
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You may also control in a more granular way which filter to use within any
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given view by setting the ``HttpRequest``’s ``exception_reporter_filter``
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attribute::
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def my_view(request):
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if request.user.is_authenticated:
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request.exception_reporter_filter = CustomExceptionReporterFilter()
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...
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.. currentmodule:: django.views.debug
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Your custom filter class needs to inherit from
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:class:`django.views.debug.SafeExceptionReporterFilter` and may override the
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following attributes and methods:
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.. class:: SafeExceptionReporterFilter
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.. attribute:: cleansed_substitute
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The string value to replace sensitive value with. By default it
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replaces the values of sensitive variables with stars
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(``**********``).
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.. attribute:: hidden_settings
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A compiled regular expression object used to match settings and
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``request.META`` values considered as sensitive. By default equivalent
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to::
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import re
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re.compile(r'API|TOKEN|KEY|SECRET|PASS|SIGNATURE|HTTP_COOKIE', flags=re.IGNORECASE)
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.. versionchanged:: 4.2
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``HTTP_COOKIE`` was added.
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.. method:: is_active(request)
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Returns ``True`` to activate the filtering in
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:meth:`get_post_parameters` and :meth:`get_traceback_frame_variables`.
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By default the filter is active if :setting:`DEBUG` is ``False``. Note
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that sensitive ``request.META`` values are always filtered along with
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sensitive setting values, as described in the :setting:`DEBUG`
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documentation.
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.. method:: get_post_parameters(request)
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Returns the filtered dictionary of POST parameters. Sensitive values
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are replaced with :attr:`cleansed_substitute`.
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.. method:: get_traceback_frame_variables(request, tb_frame)
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Returns the filtered dictionary of local variables for the given
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traceback frame. Sensitive values are replaced with
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:attr:`cleansed_substitute`.
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If you need to customize error reports beyond filtering you may specify a
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custom error reporter class by defining the
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:setting:`DEFAULT_EXCEPTION_REPORTER` setting::
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DEFAULT_EXCEPTION_REPORTER = 'path.to.your.CustomExceptionReporter'
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The exception reporter is responsible for compiling the exception report data,
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and formatting it as text or HTML appropriately. (The exception reporter uses
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:setting:`DEFAULT_EXCEPTION_REPORTER_FILTER` when preparing the exception
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report data.)
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Your custom reporter class needs to inherit from
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:class:`django.views.debug.ExceptionReporter`.
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.. class:: ExceptionReporter
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.. attribute:: html_template_path
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Property that returns a :class:`pathlib.Path` representing the absolute
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filesystem path to a template for rendering the HTML representation of
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the exception. Defaults to the Django provided template.
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.. attribute:: text_template_path
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Property that returns a :class:`pathlib.Path` representing the absolute
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filesystem path to a template for rendering the plain-text
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representation of the exception. Defaults to the Django provided
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template.
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.. method:: get_traceback_data()
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Return a dictionary containing traceback information.
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This is the main extension point for customizing exception reports, for
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example::
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from django.views.debug import ExceptionReporter
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class CustomExceptionReporter(ExceptionReporter):
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def get_traceback_data(self):
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data = super().get_traceback_data()
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# ... remove/add something here ...
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return data
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.. method:: get_traceback_html()
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Return HTML version of exception report.
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Used for HTML version of debug 500 HTTP error page.
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.. method:: get_traceback_text()
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Return plain text version of exception report.
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Used for plain text version of debug 500 HTTP error page and email
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reports.
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As with the filter class, you may control which exception reporter class to use
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within any given view by setting the ``HttpRequest``’s
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``exception_reporter_class`` attribute::
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def my_view(request):
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if request.user.is_authenticated:
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request.exception_reporter_class = CustomExceptionReporter()
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...
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.. seealso::
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You can also set up custom error reporting by writing a custom piece of
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:ref:`exception middleware <exception-middleware>`. If you do write custom
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error handling, it's a good idea to emulate Django's built-in error handling
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and only report/log errors if :setting:`DEBUG` is ``False``.
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