django/docs/topics/i18n/translation.txt

===========
Translation
===========

.. module:: django.utils.translation

Overview
========

In order to make a Django project translatable, you have to add a minimal amount
of hooks to your Python code and templates. These hooks are called
:term:`translation strings <translation string>`. They tell Django: "This text
should be translated into the end user's language, if a translation for this
text is available in that language." It's your responsibility to mark
translatable strings; the system can only translate strings it knows about.

Django then provides utilities to extract the translation strings into a
:term:`message file`. This file is a convenient way for translators to provide
the equivalent of the translation strings in the target language. Once the
translators have filled in the message file, it must be compiled. This process
relies on the GNU gettext toolset.

Once this is done, Django takes care of translating Web apps on the fly in each
available language, according to users' language preferences.

Django's internationalization hooks are on by default, and that means there's a
bit of i18n-related overhead in certain places of the framework. If you don't
use internationalization, you should take the two seconds to set
:setting:`USE_I18N = False <USE_I18N>` in your settings file. Then Django will
make some optimizations so as not to load the internationalization machinery.
You'll probably also want to remove ``'django.core.context_processors.i18n'``
from your :setting:`TEMPLATE_CONTEXT_PROCESSORS` setting.

.. note::

    There is also an independent but related :setting:`USE_L10N` setting that
    controls if Django should implement format localization. See
    :doc:`/topics/i18n/formatting` for more details.

Internationalization: in Python code
====================================

Standard translation
--------------------

Specify a translation string by using the function
:func:`~django.utils.translation.ugettext`. It's convention to import this
as a shorter alias, ``_``, to save typing.

.. note::
    Python's standard library ``gettext`` module installs ``_()`` into the
    global namespace, as an alias for ``gettext()``. In Django, we have chosen
    not to follow this practice, for a couple of reasons:

    1. For international character set (Unicode) support,
       :func:`~django.utils.translation.ugettext` is more useful than
       ``gettext()``. Sometimes, you should be using
       :func:`~django.utils.translation.ugettext_lazy` as the default
       translation method for a particular file. Without ``_()`` in the
       global namespace, the developer has to think about which is the
       most appropriate translation function.

    2. The underscore character (``_``) is used to represent "the previous
       result" in Python's interactive shell and doctest tests. Installing a
       global ``_()`` function causes interference. Explicitly importing
       ``ugettext()`` as ``_()`` avoids this problem.

.. highlightlang:: python

In this example, the text ``"Welcome to my site."`` is marked as a translation
string::

    from django.utils.translation import ugettext as _

    def my_view(request):
        output = _("Welcome to my site.")
        return HttpResponse(output)

Obviously, you could code this without using the alias. This example is
identical to the previous one::

    from django.utils.translation import ugettext

    def my_view(request):
        output = ugettext("Welcome to my site.")
        return HttpResponse(output)

Translation works on computed values. This example is identical to the previous
two::

    def my_view(request):
        words = ['Welcome', 'to', 'my', 'site.']
        output = _(' '.join(words))
        return HttpResponse(output)

Translation works on variables. Again, here's an identical example::

    def my_view(request):
        sentence = 'Welcome to my site.'
        output = _(sentence)
        return HttpResponse(output)

(The caveat with using variables or computed values, as in the previous two
examples, is that Django's translation-string-detecting utility,
:djadmin:`django-admin.py makemessages <makemessages>`, won't be able to find
these strings. More on :djadmin:`makemessages` later.)

The strings you pass to ``_()`` or ``ugettext()`` can take placeholders,
specified with Python's standard named-string interpolation syntax. Example::

    def my_view(request, m, d):
        output = _('Today is %(month)s %(day)s.') % {'month': m, 'day': d}
        return HttpResponse(output)

This technique lets language-specific translations reorder the placeholder
text. For example, an English translation may be ``"Today is November 26."``,
while a Spanish translation may be ``"Hoy es 26 de Noviembre."`` -- with the
the month and the day placeholders swapped.

For this reason, you should use named-string interpolation (e.g., ``%(day)s``)
instead of positional interpolation (e.g., ``%s`` or ``%d``) whenever you
have more than a single parameter. If you used positional interpolation,
translations wouldn't be able to reorder placeholder text.

.. _translator-comments:

Comments for translators
------------------------

.. versionadded:: 1.3

If you would like to give translators hints about a translatable string, you
can add a comment prefixed with the ``Translators`` keyword on the line
preceding the string, e.g.::

    def my_view(request):
        # Translators: This message appears on the home page only
        output = ugettext("Welcome to my site.")

This also works in templates with the :ttag:`comment` tag:

.. code-block:: html+django

    {% comment %}Translators: This is a text of the base template {% endcomment %}

The comment will then appear in the resulting ``.po`` file and should also be
displayed by most translation tools.

Marking strings as no-op
------------------------

Use the function :func:`django.utils.translation.ugettext_noop()` to mark a
string as a translation string without translating it. The string is later
translated from a variable.

Use this if you have constant strings that should be stored in the source
language because they are exchanged over systems or users -- such as strings
in a database -- but should be translated at the last possible point in time,
such as when the string is presented to the user.

Pluralization
-------------

Use the function :func:`django.utils.translation.ungettext()` to specify
pluralized messages.

``ungettext`` takes three arguments: the singular translation string, the plural
translation string and the number of objects.

This function is useful when you need your Django application to be localizable
to languages where the number and complexity of `plural forms
<http://www.gnu.org/software/gettext/manual/gettext.html#Plural-forms>`_ is
greater than the two forms used in English ('object' for the singular and
'objects' for all the cases where ``count`` is different from one, irrespective
of its value.)

For example::

    from django.utils.translation import ungettext

    def hello_world(request, count):
        page = ungettext(
            'there is %(count)d object',
            'there are %(count)d objects',
        count) % {
            'count': count,
        }
        return HttpResponse(page)

In this example the number of objects is passed to the translation
languages as the ``count`` variable.

Lets see a slightly more complex usage example::

    from django.utils.translation import ungettext

    count = Report.objects.count()
    if count == 1:
        name = Report._meta.verbose_name
    else:
        name = Report._meta.verbose_name_plural

    text = ungettext(
            'There is %(count)d %(name)s available.',
            'There are %(count)d %(name)s available.',
            count
    ) % {
        'count': count,
        'name': name
    }

Here we reuse localizable, hopefully already translated literals (contained in
the ``verbose_name`` and ``verbose_name_plural`` model ``Meta`` options) for
other parts of the sentence so all of it is consistently based on the
cardinality of the elements at play.

.. _pluralization-var-notes:

.. note::

    When using this technique, make sure you use a single name for every
    extrapolated variable included in the literal. In the example above note how
    we used the ``name`` Python variable in both translation strings. This
    example would fail::

        from django.utils.translation import ungettext
        from myapp.models import Report

        count = Report.objects.count()
        d = {
            'count': count,
            'name': Report._meta.verbose_name,
            'plural_name': Report._meta.verbose_name_plural
        }
        text = ungettext(
                'There is %(count)d %(name)s available.',
                'There are %(count)d %(plural_name)s available.',
                count
        ) % d

    You would get an error when running :djadmin:`django-admin.py
    compilemessages <compilemessages>`::

        a format specification for argument 'name', as in 'msgstr[0]', doesn't exist in 'msgid'

.. _contextual-markers:

Contextual markers
------------------

.. versionadded:: 1.3

Sometimes words have several meanings, such as ``"May"`` in English, which
refers to a month name and to a verb. To enable translators to translate
these words correctly in different contexts, you can use the
:func:`django.utils.translation.pgettext()` function, or the
:func:`django.utils.translation.npgettext()` function if the string needs
pluralization. Both take a context string as the first variable.

In the resulting ``.po`` file, the string will then appear as often as there are
different contextual markers for the same string (the context will appear on the
``msgctxt`` line), allowing the translator to give a different translation for
each of them.

For example::

    from django.utils.translation import pgettext

    month = pgettext("month name", "May")

or::

    from django.utils.translation import pgettext_lazy

    class MyThing(models.Model):
        name = models.CharField(help_text=pgettext_lazy(
            'help text for MyThing model', 'This is the help text'))

will appear in the ``.po`` file as:

.. code-block:: po

    msgctxt "month name"
    msgid "May"
    msgstr ""

.. versionadded:: 1.4

Contextual markers are also supported by the :ttag:`trans` and
:ttag:`blocktrans` template tags.

.. _lazy-translations:

Lazy translation
----------------

Use the lazy versions of translation functions in
:mod:`django.utils.translation` (easily recognizable by the ``lazy`` suffix in
their names) to translate strings lazily -- when the value is accessed rather
than when they're called.

These functions store a lazy reference to the string -- not the actual
translation. The translation itself will be done when the string is used in a
string context, such as in template rendering.

This is essential when calls to these functions are located in code paths that
are executed at module load time.

This is something that can easily happen when defining models, forms and
model forms, because Django implements these such that their fields are
actually class-level attributes. For that reason, make sure to use lazy
translations in the following cases:

Model fields and relationships ``verbose_name`` and ``help_text`` option values
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

For example, to translate the help text of the *name* field in the following
model, do the following::

    from django.utils.translation import ugettext_lazy

    class MyThing(models.Model):
        name = models.CharField(help_text=ugettext_lazy('This is the help text'))

You can mark names of ``ForeignKey``, ``ManyTomanyField`` or ``OneToOneField``
relationship as translatable by using their ``verbose_name`` options::

    from django.utils.translation import ugettext_lazy as _

    class MyThing(models.Model):
        kind = models.ForeignKey(ThingKind, related_name='kinds',
                                 verbose_name=_('kind'))

Just like you would do in :attr:`~django.db.models.Options.verbose_name` you
should provide a lowercase verbose name text for the relation as Django will
automatically titlecase it when required.

Model verbose names values
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

It is recommended to always provide explicit
:attr:`~django.db.models.Options.verbose_name` and
:attr:`~django.db.models.Options.verbose_name_plural` options rather than
relying on the fallback English-centric and somewhat naïve determination of
verbose names Django performs bu looking at the model's class name::

    from django.utils.translation import ugettext_lazy

    class MyThing(models.Model):
        name = models.CharField(_('name'), help_text=ugettext_lazy('This is the help text'))

        class Meta:
            verbose_name = ugettext_lazy('my thing')
            verbose_name_plural = ugettext_lazy('my things')

Model methods ``short_description`` attribute values
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

For model methods, you can provide translations to Django and the admin site
with the ``short_description`` attribute::

    from django.utils.translation import ugettext_lazy as _

    class MyThing(models.Model):
        kind = models.ForeignKey(ThingKind, related_name='kinds',
                                 verbose_name=_('kind'))

        def is_mouse(self):
            return self.kind.type == MOUSE_TYPE
        is_mouse.short_description = _('Is it a mouse?')

Working with lazy translation objects
-------------------------------------

The result of a ``ugettext_lazy()`` call can be used wherever you would use a
unicode string (an object with type ``unicode``) in Python. If you try to use
it where a bytestring (a ``str`` object) is expected, things will not work as
expected, since a ``ugettext_lazy()`` object doesn't know how to convert
itself to a bytestring. You can't use a unicode string inside a bytestring,
either, so this is consistent with normal Python behavior. For example::

    # This is fine: putting a unicode proxy into a unicode string.
    u"Hello %s" % ugettext_lazy("people")

    # This will not work, since you cannot insert a unicode object
    # into a bytestring (nor can you insert our unicode proxy there)
    "Hello %s" % ugettext_lazy("people")

If you ever see output that looks like ``"hello
<django.utils.functional...>"``, you have tried to insert the result of
``ugettext_lazy()`` into a bytestring. That's a bug in your code.

If you don't like the long ``ugettext_lazy`` name, you can just alias it as
``_`` (underscore), like so::

    from django.utils.translation import ugettext_lazy as _

    class MyThing(models.Model):
        name = models.CharField(help_text=_('This is the help text'))

Using ``ugettext_lazy()`` and ``ungettext_lazy()`` to mark strings in models
and utility functions is a common operation. When you're working with these
objects elsewhere in your code, you should ensure that you don't accidentally
convert them to strings, because they should be converted as late as possible
(so that the correct locale is in effect). This necessitates the use of the
helper function described next.

Joining strings: string_concat()
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Standard Python string joins (``''.join([...])``) will not work on lists
containing lazy translation objects. Instead, you can use
:func:`django.utils.translation.string_concat()`, which creates a lazy object
that concatenates its contents *and* converts them to strings only when the
result is included in a string. For example::

    from django.utils.translation import string_concat
    ...
    name = ugettext_lazy(u'John Lennon')
    instrument = ugettext_lazy(u'guitar')
    result = string_concat(name, ': ', instrument)

In this case, the lazy translations in ``result`` will only be converted to
strings when ``result`` itself is used in a string (usually at template
rendering time).

Localized names of languages
----------------------------

.. function:: get_language_info

.. versionadded:: 1.3

The ``get_language_info()`` function provides detailed information about
languages::

    >>> from django.utils.translation import get_language_info
    >>> li = get_language_info('de')
    >>> print(li['name'], li['name_local'], li['bidi'])
    German Deutsch False

The ``name`` and ``name_local`` attributes of the dictionary contain the name of
the language in English and in the language itself, respectively.  The ``bidi``
attribute is True only for bi-directional languages.

The source of the language information is the ``django.conf.locale`` module.
Similar access to this information is available for template code. See below.

.. _specifying-translation-strings-in-template-code:

Internationalization: in template code
======================================

.. highlightlang:: html+django

Translations in :doc:`Django templates </topics/templates>` uses two template
tags and a slightly different syntax than in Python code. To give your template
access to these tags, put ``{% load i18n %}`` toward the top of your template.

.. templatetag:: trans

``trans`` template tag
----------------------

The ``{% trans %}`` template tag translates either a constant string
(enclosed in single or double quotes) or variable content::

    <title>{% trans "This is the title." %}</title>
    <title>{% trans myvar %}</title>

If the ``noop`` option is present, variable lookup still takes place but the
translation is skipped. This is useful when "stubbing out" content that will
require translation in the future::

    <title>{% trans "myvar" noop %}</title>

Internally, inline translations use an
:func:`~django.utils.translation.ugettext` call.

In case a template var (``myvar`` above) is passed to the tag, the tag will
first resolve such variable to a string at run-time and then look up that
string in the message catalogs.

It's not possible to mix a template variable inside a string within ``{% trans
%}``. If your translations require strings with variables (placeholders), use
``{% blocktrans %}`` instead.

.. versionadded:: 1.4

If you'd like to retrieve a translated string without displaying it, you can
use the following syntax::

    {% trans "This is the title" as the_title %}

    <title>{{ the_title }}</title>
    <meta name="description" content="{{ the_title }}">

In practice you'll use this to get strings that are used in multiple places
or should be used as arguments for other template tags or filters::

    {% trans "starting point" as start %}
    {% trans "end point" as end %}
    {% trans "La Grande Boucle" as race %}

    <h1>
      <a href="/" title="{% blocktrans %}Back to '{{ race }}' homepage{% endblocktrans %}">{{ race }}</a>
    </h1>
    <p>
    {% for stage in tour_stages %}
        {% cycle start end %}: {{ stage }}{% if forloop.counter|divisibleby:2 %}<br />{% else %}, {% endif %}
    {% endfor %}
    </p>

.. versionadded:: 1.4

``{% trans %}`` also supports :ref:`contextual markers<contextual-markers>`
using the ``context`` keyword:

.. code-block:: html+django

    {% trans "May" context "month name" %}

.. templatetag:: blocktrans

``blocktrans`` template tag
---------------------------

.. versionchanged:: 1.3
   New keyword argument format.

Contrarily to the :ttag:`trans` tag, the ``blocktrans`` tag allows you to mark
complex sentences consisting of literals and variable content for translation
by making use of placeholders::

    {% blocktrans %}This string will have {{ value }} inside.{% endblocktrans %}

To translate a template expression -- say, accessing object attributes or
using template filters -- you need to bind the expression to a local variable
for use within the translation block. Examples::

    {% blocktrans with amount=article.price %}
    That will cost $ {{ amount }}.
    {% endblocktrans %}

    {% blocktrans with myvar=value|filter %}
    This will have {{ myvar }} inside.
    {% endblocktrans %}

You can use multiple expressions inside a single ``blocktrans`` tag::

    {% blocktrans with book_t=book|title author_t=author|title %}
    This is {{ book_t }} by {{ author_t }}
    {% endblocktrans %}

.. note:: The previous more verbose format is still supported:
   ``{% blocktrans with book|title as book_t and author|title as author_t %}``

.. versionchanged:: 1.4

If resolving one of the block arguments fails, blocktrans will fall back to
the default language by deactivating the currently active language
temporarily with the :func:`~django.utils.translation.deactivate_all`
function.

This tag also provides for pluralization. To use it:

* Designate and bind a counter value with the name ``count``. This value will
  be the one used to select the right plural form.

* Specify both the singular and plural forms separating them with the
  ``{% plural %}`` tag within the ``{% blocktrans %}`` and
  ``{% endblocktrans %}`` tags.

An example::

    {% blocktrans count counter=list|length %}
    There is only one {{ name }} object.
    {% plural %}
    There are {{ counter }} {{ name }} objects.
    {% endblocktrans %}

A more complex example::

    {% blocktrans with amount=article.price count years=i.length %}
    That will cost $ {{ amount }} per year.
    {% plural %}
    That will cost $ {{ amount }} per {{ years }} years.
    {% endblocktrans %}

When you use both the pluralization feature and bind values to local variables
in addition to the counter value, keep in mind that the ``blocktrans``
construct is internally converted to an ``ungettext`` call. This means the
same :ref:`notes regarding ungettext variables <pluralization-var-notes>`
apply.

Reverse URL lookups cannot be carried out within the ``blocktrans`` and should
be retrieved (and stored) beforehand::

    {% url path.to.view arg arg2 as the_url %}
    {% blocktrans %}
    This is a URL: {{ the_url }}
    {% endblocktrans %}

.. versionadded:: 1.4

``{% blocktrans %}`` also supports :ref:`contextual
markers<contextual-markers>` using the ``context`` keyword:

.. code-block:: html+django

    {% blocktrans with name=user.username context "greeting" %}Hi {{ name }}{% endblocktrans %}

.. _template-translation-vars:

Other tags
----------

Each ``RequestContext`` has access to three translation-specific variables:

* ``LANGUAGES`` is a list of tuples in which the first element is the
  :term:`language code` and the second is the language name (translated into
  the currently active locale).

* ``LANGUAGE_CODE`` is the current user's preferred language, as a string.
  Example: ``en-us``. (See :ref:`how-django-discovers-language-preference`.)

* ``LANGUAGE_BIDI`` is the current locale's direction. If True, it's a
  right-to-left language, e.g.: Hebrew, Arabic. If False it's a
  left-to-right language, e.g.: English, French, German etc.

If you don't use the ``RequestContext`` extension, you can get those values with
three tags::

    {% get_current_language as LANGUAGE_CODE %}
    {% get_available_languages as LANGUAGES %}
    {% get_current_language_bidi as LANGUAGE_BIDI %}

These tags also require a ``{% load i18n %}``.

Translation hooks are also available within any template block tag that accepts
constant strings. In those cases, just use ``_()`` syntax to specify a
translation string::

    {% some_special_tag _("Page not found") value|yesno:_("yes,no") %}

In this case, both the tag and the filter will see the already-translated
string, so they don't need to be aware of translations.

.. note::
    In this example, the translation infrastructure will be passed the string
    ``"yes,no"``, not the individual strings ``"yes"`` and ``"no"``. The
    translated string will need to contain the comma so that the filter
    parsing code knows how to split up the arguments. For example, a German
    translator might translate the string ``"yes,no"`` as ``"ja,nein"``
    (keeping the comma intact).

.. versionadded:: 1.3

You can also retrieve information about any of the available languages using
provided template tags and filters. To get information about a single language,
use the ``{% get_language_info %}`` tag::

    {% get_language_info for LANGUAGE_CODE as lang %}
    {% get_language_info for "pl" as lang %}

You can then access the information::

    Language code: {{ lang.code }}<br />
    Name of language: {{ lang.name_local }}<br />
    Name in English: {{ lang.name }}<br />
    Bi-directional: {{ lang.bidi }}

You can also use the ``{% get_language_info_list %}`` template tag to retrieve
information for a list of languages (e.g. active languages as specified in
:setting:`LANGUAGES`). See :ref:`the section about the set_language redirect
view <set_language-redirect-view>` for an example of how to display a language
selector using ``{% get_language_info_list %}``.

In addition to :setting:`LANGUAGES` style nested tuples,
``{% get_language_info_list %}`` supports simple lists of language codes.
If you do this in your view:

.. code-block:: python

    return render_to_response('mytemplate.html', {
        'available_languages': ['en', 'es', 'fr'],
    }, RequestContext(request))

you can iterate over those languages in the template::

  {% get_language_info_list for available_languages as langs %}
  {% for lang in langs %} ... {% endfor %}

There are also simple filters available for convenience:

* ``{{ LANGUAGE_CODE|language_name }}`` ("German")
* ``{{ LANGUAGE_CODE|language_name_local }}`` ("Deutsch")
* ``{{ LANGUAGE_CODE|bidi }}`` (False)

.. _Django templates: ../templates_python/

Internationalization: in JavaScript code
========================================

.. highlightlang:: python

Adding translations to JavaScript poses some problems:

* JavaScript code doesn't have access to a ``gettext`` implementation.

* JavaScript code doesn't have access to ``.po`` or ``.mo`` files; they need to
  be delivered by the server.

* The translation catalogs for JavaScript should be kept as small as
  possible.

Django provides an integrated solution for these problems: It passes the
translations into JavaScript, so you can call ``gettext``, etc., from within
JavaScript.

.. _javascript_catalog-view:

The ``javascript_catalog`` view
-------------------------------

.. module:: django.views.i18n

.. function:: javascript_catalog(request, domain='djangojs', packages=None)

The main solution to these problems is the
:meth:`django.views.i18n.javascript_catalog` view, which sends out a JavaScript
code library with functions that mimic the ``gettext`` interface, plus an array
of translation strings. Those translation strings are taken from applications or
Django core, according to what you specify in either the ``info_dict`` or the
URL. Paths listed in :setting:`LOCALE_PATHS` are also included.

You hook it up like this::

    js_info_dict = {
        'packages': ('your.app.package',),
    }

    urlpatterns = patterns('',
        (r'^jsi18n/$', 'django.views.i18n.javascript_catalog', js_info_dict),
    )

Each string in ``packages`` should be in Python dotted-package syntax (the
same format as the strings in :setting:`INSTALLED_APPS`) and should refer to a
package that contains a ``locale`` directory. If you specify multiple packages,
all those catalogs are merged into one catalog. This is useful if you have
JavaScript that uses strings from different applications.

The precedence of translations is such that the packages appearing later in the
``packages`` argument have higher precedence than the ones appearing at the
beginning, this is important in the case of clashing translations for the same
literal.

By default, the view uses the ``djangojs`` gettext domain. This can be
changed by altering the ``domain`` argument.

You can make the view dynamic by putting the packages into the URL pattern::

    urlpatterns = patterns('',
        (r'^jsi18n/(?P<packages>\S+?)/$', 'django.views.i18n.javascript_catalog'),
    )

With this, you specify the packages as a list of package names delimited by '+'
signs in the URL. This is especially useful if your pages use code from
different apps and this changes often and you don't want to pull in one big
catalog file. As a security measure, these values can only be either
``django.conf`` or any package from the :setting:`INSTALLED_APPS` setting.

The JavaScript translations found in the paths listed in the
:setting:`LOCALE_PATHS` setting are also always included. To keep consistency
with the translations lookup order algorithm used for Python and templates, the
directories listed in :setting:`LOCALE_PATHS` have the highest precedence with
the ones appearing first having higher precedence than the ones appearing
later.

.. versionchanged:: 1.3
    Directories listed in :setting:`LOCALE_PATHS` weren't included in the
    lookup algorithm until version 1.3.

Using the JavaScript translation catalog
----------------------------------------

.. highlightlang:: javascript

To use the catalog, just pull in the dynamically generated script like this:

.. code-block:: html+django

    <script type="text/javascript" src="{% url django.views.i18n.javascript_catalog %}"></script>

This uses reverse URL lookup to find the URL of the JavaScript catalog view.
When the catalog is loaded, your JavaScript code can use the standard
``gettext`` interface to access it::

    document.write(gettext('this is to be translated'));

There is also an ``ngettext`` interface::

    var object_cnt = 1 // or 0, or 2, or 3, ...
    s = ngettext('literal for the singular case',
            'literal for the plural case', object_cnt);

and even a string interpolation function::

    function interpolate(fmt, obj, named);

The interpolation syntax is borrowed from Python, so the ``interpolate``
function supports both positional and named interpolation:

* Positional interpolation: ``obj`` contains a JavaScript Array object
  whose elements values are then sequentially interpolated in their
  corresponding ``fmt`` placeholders in the same order they appear.
  For example::

    fmts = ngettext('There is %s object. Remaining: %s',
            'There are %s objects. Remaining: %s', 11);
    s = interpolate(fmts, [11, 20]);
    // s is 'There are 11 objects. Remaining: 20'

* Named interpolation: This mode is selected by passing the optional
  boolean ``named`` parameter as true. ``obj`` contains a JavaScript
  object or associative array. For example::

    d = {
        count: 10,
        total: 50
    };

    fmts = ngettext('Total: %(total)s, there is %(count)s object',
    'there are %(count)s of a total of %(total)s objects', d.count);
    s = interpolate(fmts, d, true);

You shouldn't go over the top with string interpolation, though: this is still
JavaScript, so the code has to make repeated regular-expression substitutions.
This isn't as fast as string interpolation in Python, so keep it to those
cases where you really need it (for example, in conjunction with ``ngettext``
to produce proper pluralizations).

.. _url-internationalization:

Internationalization: in URL patterns
=====================================

..  versionadded:: 1.4

.. module:: django.conf.urls.i18n

Django provides two mechanisms to internationalize URL patterns:

* Adding the language prefix to the root of the URL patterns to make it
  possible for :class:`~django.middleware.locale.LocaleMiddleware` to detect
  the language to activate from the requested URL.

* Making URL patterns themselves translatable via the
  :func:`django.utils.translation.ugettext_lazy()` function.

.. warning::

    Using either one of these features requires that an active language be set
    for each request; in other words, you need to have
    :class:`django.middleware.locale.LocaleMiddleware` in your
    :setting:`MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES` setting.

Language prefix in URL patterns
-------------------------------

.. function:: i18n_patterns(prefix, pattern_description, ...)

This function can be used in your root URLconf as a replacement for the normal
:func:`django.conf.urls.patterns` function. Django will automatically
prepend the current active language code to all url patterns defined within
:func:`~django.conf.urls.i18n.i18n_patterns`. Example URL patterns::

    from django.conf.urls import patterns, include, url
    from django.conf.urls.i18n import i18n_patterns

    urlpatterns = patterns(''
        url(r'^sitemap\.xml$', 'sitemap.view', name='sitemap_xml'),
    )

    news_patterns = patterns(''
        url(r'^$', 'news.views.index', name='index'),
        url(r'^category/(?P<slug>[\w-]+)/$', 'news.views.category', name='category'),
        url(r'^(?P<slug>[\w-]+)/$', 'news.views.details', name='detail'),
    )

    urlpatterns += i18n_patterns('',
        url(r'^about/$', 'about.view', name='about'),
        url(r'^news/$', include(news_patterns, namespace='news')),
    )


After defining these URL patterns, Django will automatically add the
language prefix to the URL patterns that were added by the ``i18n_patterns``
function. Example::

    from django.core.urlresolvers import reverse
    from django.utils.translation import activate

    >>> activate('en')
    >>> reverse('sitemap_xml')
    '/sitemap.xml'
    >>> reverse('news:index')
    '/en/news/'

    >>> activate('nl')
    >>> reverse('news:detail', kwargs={'slug': 'news-slug'})
    '/nl/news/news-slug/'

.. warning::

    :func:`~django.conf.urls.i18n.i18n_patterns` is only allowed in your root
    URLconf. Using it within an included URLconf will throw an
    :exc:`ImproperlyConfigured` exception.

.. warning::

    Ensure that you don't have non-prefixed URL patterns that might collide
    with an automatically-added language prefix.


Translating URL patterns
------------------------

URL patterns can also be marked translatable using the
:func:`~django.utils.translation.ugettext_lazy` function. Example::

    from django.conf.urls import patterns, include, url
    from django.conf.urls.i18n import i18n_patterns
    from django.utils.translation import ugettext_lazy as _

    urlpatterns = patterns(''
        url(r'^sitemap\.xml$', 'sitemap.view', name='sitemap_xml'),
    )

    news_patterns = patterns(''
        url(r'^$', 'news.views.index', name='index'),
        url(_(r'^category/(?P<slug>[\w-]+)/$'), 'news.views.category', name='category'),
        url(r'^(?P<slug>[\w-]+)/$', 'news.views.details', name='detail'),
    )

    urlpatterns += i18n_patterns('',
        url(_(r'^about/$'), 'about.view', name='about'),
        url(_(r'^news/$'), include(news_patterns, namespace='news')),
    )


After you've created the translations, the
:func:`~django.core.urlresolvers.reverse` function will return the URL in the
active language. Example::

    from django.core.urlresolvers import reverse
    from django.utils.translation import activate

    >>> activate('en')
    >>> reverse('news:category', kwargs={'slug': 'recent'})
    '/en/news/category/recent/'

    >>> activate('nl')
    >>> reverse('news:category', kwargs={'slug': 'recent'})
    '/nl/nieuws/categorie/recent/'

.. warning::

    In most cases, it's best to use translated URLs only within a
    language-code-prefixed block of patterns (using
    :func:`~django.conf.urls.i18n.i18n_patterns`), to avoid the possibility
    that a carelessly translated URL causes a collision with a non-translated
    URL pattern.

.. _reversing_in_templates:

.. templatetag:: language

Reversing in templates
----------------------

If localized URLs get reversed in templates they always use the current
language. To link to a URL in another language use the ``language``
template tag. It enables the given language in the enclosed template section:

.. code-block:: html+django

    {% load i18n %}

    {% get_available_languages as languages %}

    {% trans "View this category in:" %}
    {% for lang_code, lang_name in languages %}
        {% language lang_code %}
        <a href="{% url category slug=category.slug %}">{{ lang_name }}</a>
        {% endlanguage %}
    {% endfor %}

The :ttag:`language` tag expects the language code as the only argument.

.. _how-to-create-language-files:

Localization: how to create language files
==========================================

Once the string literals of an application have been tagged for later
translation, the translation themselves need to be written (or obtained). Here's
how that works.

.. _locale-restrictions:

.. admonition:: Locale restrictions

    Django does not support localizing your application into a locale for which
    Django itself has not been translated. In this case, it will ignore your
    translation files. If you were to try this and Django supported it, you
    would inevitably see a mixture of translated strings (from your application)
    and English strings (from Django itself). If you want to support a locale
    for your application that is not already part of Django, you'll need to make
    at least a minimal translation of the Django core.

    A good starting point is to copy the Django English ``.po`` file and to
    translate at least some :term:`translation strings <translation string>`.

Message files
-------------

The first step is to create a :term:`message file` for a new language. A message
file is a plain-text file, representing a single language, that contains all
available translation strings and how they should be represented in the given
language. Message files have a ``.po`` file extension.

Django comes with a tool, :djadmin:`django-admin.py makemessages
<makemessages>`, that automates the creation and upkeep of these files.

.. admonition:: Gettext utilities

    The ``makemessages`` command (and ``compilemessages`` discussed later) use
    commands from the GNU gettext toolset: ``xgettext``, ``msgfmt``,
    ``msgmerge`` and ``msguniq``.

    .. versionchanged:: 1.2

    The minimum version of the ``gettext`` utilities supported is 0.15.

To create or update a message file, run this command::

    django-admin.py makemessages -l de

...where ``de`` is the language code for the message file you want to create.
The language code, in this case, is in :term:`locale format<locale name>`. For
example, it's ``pt_BR`` for Brazilian Portuguese and ``de_AT`` for Austrian
German.

The script should be run from one of two places:

* The root directory of your Django project.
* The root directory of your Django app.

The script runs over your project source tree or your application source tree
and pulls out all strings marked for translation. It creates (or updates) a
message file in the directory ``locale/LANG/LC_MESSAGES``. In the ``de``
example, the file will be ``locale/de/LC_MESSAGES/django.po``.

By default :djadmin:`django-admin.py makemessages <makemessages>` examines every
file that has the ``.html`` or ``.txt`` file extension. In case you want to
override that default, use the ``--extension`` or ``-e`` option to specify the
file extensions to examine::

    django-admin.py makemessages -l de -e txt

Separate multiple extensions with commas and/or use ``-e`` or ``--extension``
multiple times::

    django-admin.py makemessages -l de -e html,txt -e xml

.. warning::

    When :ref:`creating message files from JavaScript source code
    <creating-message-files-from-js-code>` you need to use the special
    'djangojs' domain, **not** ``-e js``.

.. admonition:: No gettext?

    If you don't have the ``gettext`` utilities installed,
    :djadmin:`makemessages` will create empty files. If that's the case, either
    install the ``gettext`` utilities or just copy the English message file
    (``locale/en/LC_MESSAGES/django.po``) if available and use it as a starting
    point; it's just an empty translation file.

.. admonition:: Working on Windows?

   If you're using Windows and need to install the GNU gettext utilities so
   :djadmin:`makemessages` works, see :ref:`gettext_on_windows` for more
   information.

The format of ``.po`` files is straightforward. Each ``.po`` file contains a
small bit of metadata, such as the translation maintainer's contact
information, but the bulk of the file is a list of **messages** -- simple
mappings between translation strings and the actual translated text for the
particular language.

For example, if your Django app contained a translation string for the text
``"Welcome to my site."``, like so::

    _("Welcome to my site.")

...then :djadmin:`django-admin.py makemessages <makemessages>` will have created
a ``.po`` file containing the following snippet -- a message::

    #: path/to/python/module.py:23
    msgid "Welcome to my site."
    msgstr ""

A quick explanation:

* ``msgid`` is the translation string, which appears in the source. Don't
  change it.
* ``msgstr`` is where you put the language-specific translation. It starts
  out empty, so it's your responsibility to change it. Make sure you keep
  the quotes around your translation.
* As a convenience, each message includes, in the form of a comment line
  prefixed with ``#`` and located above the ``msgid`` line, the filename and
  line number from which the translation string was gleaned.

Long messages are a special case. There, the first string directly after the
``msgstr`` (or ``msgid``) is an empty string. Then the content itself will be
written over the next few lines as one string per line. Those strings are
directly concatenated. Don't forget trailing spaces within the strings;
otherwise, they'll be tacked together without whitespace!

.. admonition:: Mind your charset

    When creating a PO file with your favorite text editor, first edit
    the charset line (search for ``"CHARSET"``) and set it to the charset
    you'll be using to edit the content. Due to the way the ``gettext`` tools
    work internally and because we want to allow non-ASCII source strings in
    Django's core and your applications, you **must** use UTF-8 as the encoding
    for your PO file. This means that everybody will be using the same
    encoding, which is important when Django processes the PO files.

To reexamine all source code and templates for new translation strings and
update all message files for **all** languages, run this::

    django-admin.py makemessages -a

Compiling message files
-----------------------

After you create your message file -- and each time you make changes to it --
you'll need to compile it into a more efficient form, for use by ``gettext``. Do
this with the :djadmin:`django-admin.py compilemessages <compilemessages>`
utility.

This tool runs over all available ``.po`` files and creates ``.mo`` files, which
are binary files optimized for use by ``gettext``. In the same directory from
which you ran :djadmin:`django-admin.py makemessages <makemessages>`, run :djadmin:`django-admin.py compilemessages <compilemessages>` like this::

   django-admin.py compilemessages

That's it. Your translations are ready for use.

.. admonition:: Working on Windows?

   If you're using Windows and need to install the GNU gettext utilities so
   :djadmin:`django-admin.py compilemessages <compilemessages>` works see
   :ref:`gettext_on_windows` for more information.

.. admonition:: .po files: Encoding and BOM usage.

   Django only supports ``.po`` files encoded in UTF-8 and without any BOM
   (Byte Order Mark) so if your text editor adds such marks to the beginning of
   files by default then you will need to reconfigure it.

.. _creating-message-files-from-js-code:

Creating message files from JavaScript source code
--------------------------------------------------

You create and update the message files the same way as the other Django message
files -- with the :djadmin:`django-admin.py makemessages <makemessages>` tool.
The only difference is you need to explicitly specify what in gettext parlance
is known as a domain in this case the ``djangojs`` domain, by providing a ``-d
djangojs`` parameter, like this::

    django-admin.py makemessages -d djangojs -l de

This would create or update the message file for JavaScript for German. After
updating message files, just run :djadmin:`django-admin.py compilemessages
<compilemessages>` the same way as you do with normal Django message files.

.. _gettext_on_windows:

``gettext`` on Windows
----------------------

This is only needed for people who either want to extract message IDs or compile
message files (``.po``). Translation work itself just involves editing existing
files of this type, but if you want to create your own message files, or want to
test or compile a changed message file, you will need the ``gettext`` utilities:

* Download the following zip files from the GNOME servers
  http://ftp.gnome.org/pub/gnome/binaries/win32/dependencies/ or from one
  of its mirrors_

  * ``gettext-runtime-X.zip``
  * ``gettext-tools-X.zip``

  ``X`` is the version number, we are requiring ``0.15`` or higher.

* Extract the contents of the ``bin\`` directories in both files to the
  same folder on your system (i.e. ``C:\Program Files\gettext-utils``)

* Update the system PATH:

  * ``Control Panel > System > Advanced > Environment Variables``.
  * In the ``System variables`` list, click ``Path``, click ``Edit``.
  * Add ``;C:\Program Files\gettext-utils\bin`` at the end of the
    ``Variable value`` field.

.. _mirrors: http://ftp.gnome.org/pub/GNOME/MIRRORS

You may also use ``gettext`` binaries you have obtained elsewhere, so long as
the ``xgettext --version`` command works properly. Do not attempt to use Django
translation utilities with a ``gettext`` package if the command ``xgettext
--version`` entered at a Windows command prompt causes a popup window saying
"xgettext.exe has generated errors and will be closed by Windows".


Miscellaneous
=============

.. _set_language-redirect-view:

The ``set_language`` redirect view
----------------------------------

.. highlightlang:: python

.. function:: set_language(request)

As a convenience, Django comes with a view, :func:`django.views.i18n.set_language`,
that sets a user's language preference and redirects to a given URL or, by default,
back to the previous page.

Activate this view by adding the following line to your URLconf::

    (r'^i18n/', include('django.conf.urls.i18n')),

(Note that this example makes the view available at ``/i18n/setlang/``.)

The view expects to be called via the ``POST`` method, with a ``language``
parameter set in request. If session support is enabled, the view
saves the language choice in the user's session. Otherwise, it saves the
language choice in a cookie that is by default named ``django_language``.
(The name can be changed through the :setting:`LANGUAGE_COOKIE_NAME` setting.)

After setting the language choice, Django redirects the user, following this
algorithm:

* Django looks for a ``next`` parameter in the ``POST`` data.
* If that doesn't exist, or is empty, Django tries the URL in the
  ``Referrer`` header.
* If that's empty -- say, if a user's browser suppresses that header --
  then the user will be redirected to ``/`` (the site root) as a fallback.

Here's example HTML template code:

.. code-block:: html+django

    <form action="/i18n/setlang/" method="post">
    {% csrf_token %}
    <input name="next" type="hidden" value="{{ redirect_to }}" />
    <select name="language">
    {% get_language_info_list for LANGUAGES as languages %}
    {% for language in languages %}
    <option value="{{ language.code }}">{{ language.name_local }} ({{ language.code }})</option>
    {% endfor %}
    </select>
    <input type="submit" value="Go" />
    </form>

In this example, Django looks up the URL of the page to which the user will be
redirected in the ``redirect_to`` context variable.

Using translations outside views and templates
----------------------------------------------

While Django provides a rich set of i18n tools for use in views and templates,
it does not restrict the usage to Django-specific code. The Django translation
mechanisms can be used to translate arbitrary texts to any language that is
supported by Django (as long as an appropriate translation catalog exists, of
course). You can load a translation catalog, activate it and translate text to
language of your choice, but remember to switch back to original language, as
activating a translation catalog is done on per-thread basis and such change
will affect code running in the same thread.

For example::

    from django.utils import translation
    def welcome_translated(language):
        cur_language = translation.get_language()
        try:
            translation.activate(language)
            text = translation.ugettext('welcome')
        finally:
            translation.activate(cur_language)
        return text

Calling this function with the value 'de' will give you ``"Willkommen"``,
regardless of :setting:`LANGUAGE_CODE` and language set by middleware.

Functions of particular interest are ``django.utils.translation.get_language()``
which returns the language used in the current thread,
``django.utils.translation.activate()`` which activates a translation catalog
for the current thread, and ``django.utils.translation.check_for_language()``
which checks if the given language is supported by Django.

Implementation notes
====================

.. _specialties-of-django-i18n:

Specialties of Django translation
---------------------------------

Django's translation machinery uses the standard ``gettext`` module that comes
with Python. If you know ``gettext``, you might note these specialties in the
way Django does translation:

* The string domain is ``django`` or ``djangojs``. This string domain is
  used to differentiate between different programs that store their data
  in a common message-file library (usually ``/usr/share/locale/``). The
  ``django`` domain is used for python and template translation strings
  and is loaded into the global translation catalogs. The ``djangojs``
  domain is only used for JavaScript translation catalogs to make sure
  that those are as small as possible.
* Django doesn't use ``xgettext`` alone. It uses Python wrappers around
  ``xgettext`` and ``msgfmt``. This is mostly for convenience.

.. _how-django-discovers-language-preference:

How Django discovers language preference
----------------------------------------

Once you've prepared your translations -- or, if you just want to use the
translations that come with Django -- you'll just need to activate translation
for your app.

Behind the scenes, Django has a very flexible model of deciding which language
should be used -- installation-wide, for a particular user, or both.

To set an installation-wide language preference, set :setting:`LANGUAGE_CODE`.
Django uses this language as the default translation -- the final attempt if no
other translator finds a translation.

If all you want to do is run Django with your native language, and a language
file is available for it, all you need to do is set :setting:`LANGUAGE_CODE`.

If you want to let each individual user specify which language he or she
prefers, use ``LocaleMiddleware``. ``LocaleMiddleware`` enables language
selection based on data from the request. It customizes content for each user.

To use ``LocaleMiddleware``, add ``'django.middleware.locale.LocaleMiddleware'``
to your :setting:`MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES` setting. Because middleware order
matters, you should follow these guidelines:

* Make sure it's one of the first middlewares installed.
* It should come after ``SessionMiddleware``, because ``LocaleMiddleware``
  makes use of session data. And it should come before ``CommonMiddleware``
  because ``CommonMiddleware`` needs an activated language in order
  to resolve the requested URL.
* If you use ``CacheMiddleware``, put ``LocaleMiddleware`` after it.

For example, your :setting:`MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES` might look like this::

    MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES = (
       'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
       'django.middleware.locale.LocaleMiddleware',
       'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
    )

(For more on middleware, see the :doc:`middleware documentation
</topics/http/middleware>`.)

``LocaleMiddleware`` tries to determine the user's language preference by
following this algorithm:

.. versionchanged:: 1.4

* First, it looks for the language prefix in the requested URL.  This is
  only performed when you are using the ``i18n_patterns`` function in your
  root URLconf. See :ref:`url-internationalization` for more information
  about the language prefix and how to internationalize URL patterns.

* Failing that, it looks for a ``django_language`` key in the current
  user's session.

* Failing that, it looks for a cookie.

  The name of the cookie used is set by the :setting:`LANGUAGE_COOKIE_NAME`
  setting. (The default name is ``django_language``.)

* Failing that, it looks at the ``Accept-Language`` HTTP header. This
  header is sent by your browser and tells the server which language(s) you
  prefer, in order by priority. Django tries each language in the header
  until it finds one with available translations.

* Failing that, it uses the global :setting:`LANGUAGE_CODE` setting.

.. _locale-middleware-notes:

Notes:

* In each of these places, the language preference is expected to be in the
  standard :term:`language format<language code>`, as a string. For example,
  Brazilian Portuguese is ``pt-br``.

* If a base language is available but the sublanguage specified is not,
  Django uses the base language. For example, if a user specifies ``de-at``
  (Austrian German) but Django only has ``de`` available, Django uses
  ``de``.

* Only languages listed in the :setting:`LANGUAGES` setting can be selected.
  If you want to restrict the language selection to a subset of provided
  languages (because your application doesn't provide all those languages),
  set :setting:`LANGUAGES` to a list of languages. For example::

      LANGUAGES = (
        ('de', _('German')),
        ('en', _('English')),
      )

  This example restricts languages that are available for automatic
  selection to German and English (and any sublanguage, like de-ch or
  en-us).

* If you define a custom :setting:`LANGUAGES` setting, as explained in the
  previous bullet, it's OK to mark the languages as translation strings
  -- but use a "dummy" ``ugettext()`` function, not the one in
  ``django.utils.translation``. You should *never* import
  ``django.utils.translation`` from within your settings file, because that
  module in itself depends on the settings, and that would cause a circular
  import.

  The solution is to use a "dummy" ``ugettext()`` function. Here's a sample
  settings file::

      ugettext = lambda s: s

      LANGUAGES = (
          ('de', ugettext('German')),
          ('en', ugettext('English')),
      )

  With this arrangement, :djadmin:`django-admin.py makemessages <makemessages>`
  will still find and mark these strings for translation, but the translation
  won't happen at runtime -- so you'll have to remember to wrap the languages in
  the *real* ``ugettext()`` in any code that uses :setting:`LANGUAGES` at
  runtime.

* The ``LocaleMiddleware`` can only select languages for which there is a
  Django-provided base translation. If you want to provide translations
  for your application that aren't already in the set of translations
  in Django's source tree, you'll want to provide at least a basic
  one as described in the :ref:`Locale restrictions<locale-restrictions>`
  note.

Once ``LocaleMiddleware`` determines the user's preference, it makes this
preference available as ``request.LANGUAGE_CODE`` for each
:class:`~django.http.HttpRequest`. Feel free to read this value in your view
code. Here's a simple example::

    def hello_world(request, count):
        if request.LANGUAGE_CODE == 'de-at':
            return HttpResponse("You prefer to read Austrian German.")
        else:
            return HttpResponse("You prefer to read another language.")

Note that, with static (middleware-less) translation, the language is in
``settings.LANGUAGE_CODE``, while with dynamic (middleware) translation, it's
in ``request.LANGUAGE_CODE``.

.. _settings file: ../settings/
.. _middleware documentation: ../middleware/
.. _session: ../sessions/
.. _request object: ../request_response/#httprequest-objects

.. _how-django-discovers-translations:

How Django discovers translations
---------------------------------

At runtime, Django builds an in-memory unified catalog of literals-translations.
To achieve this it looks for translations by following this algorithm regarding
the order in which it examines the different file paths to load the compiled
:term:`message files <message file>` (``.mo``) and the precedence of multiple
translations for the same literal:

1. The directories listed in :setting:`LOCALE_PATHS` have the highest
   precedence, with the ones appearing first having higher precedence than
   the ones appearing later.
2. Then, it looks for and uses if it exists a ``locale`` directory in each
   of the installed apps listed in :setting:`INSTALLED_APPS`.  The ones
   appearing first have higher precedence than the ones appearing later.
3. Finally, the Django-provided base translation in ``django/conf/locale``
   is used as a fallback.

.. seealso::

    The translations for literals included in JavaScript assets are looked up
    following a similar but not identical algorithm. See the
    :ref:`javascript_catalog view documentation <javascript_catalog-view>` for
    more details.

In all cases the name of the directory containing the translation is expected to
be named using :term:`locale name` notation. E.g. ``de``, ``pt_BR``, ``es_AR``,
etc.

This way, you can write applications that include their own translations, and
you can override base translations in your project. Or, you can just build
a big project out of several apps and put all translations into one big common
message file specific to the project you are composing. The choice is yours.

All message file repositories are structured the same way. They are:

* All paths listed in :setting:`LOCALE_PATHS` in your settings file are
  searched for ``<language>/LC_MESSAGES/django.(po|mo)``
* ``$APPPATH/locale/<language>/LC_MESSAGES/django.(po|mo)``
* ``$PYTHONPATH/django/conf/locale/<language>/LC_MESSAGES/django.(po|mo)``

To create message files, you use the :djadmin:`django-admin.py makemessages <makemessages>`
tool. You only need to be in the same directory where the ``locale/`` directory
is located. And you use :djadmin:`django-admin.py compilemessages <compilemessages>`
to produce the binary ``.mo`` files that are used by ``gettext``.

You can also run :djadmin:`django-admin.py compilemessages
--settings=path.to.settings <compilemessages>` to make the compiler process all
the directories in your :setting:`LOCALE_PATHS` setting.

Finally, you should give some thought to the structure of your translation
files. If your applications need to be delivered to other users and will be used
in other projects, you might want to use app-specific translations. But using
app-specific translations and project-specific translations could produce weird
problems with :djadmin:`makemessages`: it will traverse all directories below
the current path and so might put message IDs into a unified, common message
file for the current project that are already in application message files.

The easiest way out is to store applications that are not part of the project
(and so carry their own translations) outside the project tree. That way,
:djadmin:`django-admin.py makemessages <makemessages>`, when ran on a project
level will only extract strings that are connected to your explicit project and
not strings that are distributed independently.