============ Django Utils ============ .. module:: django.utils :synopsis: Django's built-in utilities. This document covers all stable modules in ``django.utils``. Most of the modules in ``django.utils`` are designed for internal use and only the following parts can be considered stable and thus backwards compatible as per the :ref:`internal release deprecation policy `. ``django.utils.cache`` ====================== .. module:: django.utils.cache :synopsis: Helper functions for controlling caching. This module contains helper functions for controlling caching. It does so by managing the ``Vary`` header of responses. It includes functions to patch the header of response objects directly and decorators that change functions to do that header-patching themselves. For information on the ``Vary`` header, see :rfc:`2616#section-14.44` section 14.44. Essentially, the ``Vary`` HTTP header defines which headers a cache should take into account when building its cache key. Requests with the same path but different header content for headers named in ``Vary`` need to get different cache keys to prevent delivery of wrong content. For example, :doc:`internationalization ` middleware would need to distinguish caches by the ``Accept-language`` header. .. function:: patch_cache_control(response, **kwargs) This function patches the ``Cache-Control`` header by adding all keyword arguments to it. The transformation is as follows: * All keyword parameter names are turned to lowercase, and underscores are converted to hyphens. * If the value of a parameter is ``True`` (exactly ``True``, not just a true value), only the parameter name is added to the header. * All other parameters are added with their value, after applying ``str()`` to it. .. function:: get_max_age(response) Returns the max-age from the response Cache-Control header as an integer (or ``None`` if it wasn't found or wasn't an integer). .. function:: patch_response_headers(response, cache_timeout=None) Adds some useful headers to the given ``HttpResponse`` object: * ``ETag`` * ``Last-Modified`` * ``Expires`` * ``Cache-Control`` Each header is only added if it isn't already set. ``cache_timeout`` is in seconds. The :setting:`CACHE_MIDDLEWARE_SECONDS` setting is used by default. .. function:: add_never_cache_headers(response) Adds headers to a response to indicate that a page should never be cached. .. function:: patch_vary_headers(response, newheaders) Adds (or updates) the ``Vary`` header in the given ``HttpResponse`` object. ``newheaders`` is a list of header names that should be in ``Vary``. Existing headers in ``Vary`` aren't removed. .. function:: get_cache_key(request, key_prefix=None) Returns a cache key based on the request path. It can be used in the request phase because it pulls the list of headers to take into account from the global path registry and uses those to build a cache key to check against. If there is no headerlist stored, the page needs to be rebuilt, so this function returns ``None``. .. function:: learn_cache_key(request, response, cache_timeout=None, key_prefix=None) Learns what headers to take into account for some request path from the response object. It stores those headers in a global path registry so that later access to that path will know what headers to take into account without building the response object itself. The headers are named in the ``Vary`` header of the response, but we want to prevent response generation. The list of headers to use for cache key generation is stored in the same cache as the pages themselves. If the cache ages some data out of the cache, this just means that we have to build the response once to get at the Vary header and so at the list of headers to use for the cache key. ``django.utils.datastructures`` =============================== .. module:: django.utils.datastructures :synopsis: Data structures that aren't in Python's standard library. .. class:: SortedDict The :class:`django.utils.datastructures.SortedDict` class is a dictionary that keeps its keys in the order in which they're inserted. ``SortedDict`` adds two additional methods to the standard Python ``dict`` class: .. method:: insert(index, key, value) Inserts the key, value pair before the item with the given index. .. method:: value_for_index(index) Returns the value of the item at the given zero-based index. Creating a new SortedDict ------------------------- Creating a new ``SortedDict`` must be done in a way where ordering is guaranteed. For example:: SortedDict({'b': 1, 'a': 2, 'c': 3}) will not work. Passing in a basic Python ``dict`` could produce unreliable results. Instead do:: SortedDict([('b', 1), ('a', 2), ('c', 3)]) ``django.utils.encoding`` ========================= .. module:: django.utils.encoding :synopsis: A series of helper classes and function to manage character encoding. .. class:: StrAndUnicode A class whose ``__str__`` returns its ``__unicode__`` as a UTF-8 bytestring. Useful as a mix-in. .. function:: smart_unicode(s, encoding='utf-8', strings_only=False, errors='strict') Returns a ``unicode`` object representing ``s``. Treats bytestrings using the 'encoding' codec. If ``strings_only`` is ``True``, don't convert (some) non-string-like objects. .. function:: is_protected_type(obj) Determine if the object instance is of a protected type. Objects of protected types are preserved as-is when passed to ``force_unicode(strings_only=True)``. .. function:: force_unicode(s, encoding='utf-8', strings_only=False, errors='strict') Similar to ``smart_unicode``, except that lazy instances are resolved to strings, rather than kept as lazy objects. If ``strings_only`` is ``True``, don't convert (some) non-string-like objects. .. function:: smart_str(s, encoding='utf-8', strings_only=False, errors='strict') Returns a bytestring version of ``s``, encoded as specified in ``encoding``. If ``strings_only`` is ``True``, don't convert (some) non-string-like objects. .. function:: iri_to_uri(iri) Convert an Internationalized Resource Identifier (IRI) portion to a URI portion that is suitable for inclusion in a URL. This is the algorithm from section 3.1 of :rfc:`3987#section-3.1`. However, since we are assuming input is either UTF-8 or unicode already, we can simplify things a little from the full method. Returns an ASCII string containing the encoded result. ``django.utils.feedgenerator`` ============================== .. module:: django.utils.feedgenerator :synopsis: Syndication feed generation library -- used for generating RSS, etc. Sample usage:: >>> from django.utils import feedgenerator >>> feed = feedgenerator.Rss201rev2Feed( ... title=u"Poynter E-Media Tidbits", ... link=u"http://www.poynter.org/column.asp?id=31", ... description=u"A group Weblog by the sharpest minds in online media/journalism/publishing.", ... language=u"en", ... ) >>> feed.add_item( ... title="Hello", ... link=u"http://www.holovaty.com/test/", ... description="Testing." ... ) >>> fp = open('test.rss', 'w') >>> feed.write(fp, 'utf-8') >>> fp.close() For simplifying the selection of a generator use ``feedgenerator.DefaultFeed`` which is currently ``Rss201rev2Feed`` For definitions of the different versions of RSS, see: http://diveintomark.org/archives/2004/02/04/incompatible-rss .. function:: get_tag_uri(url, date) Creates a TagURI. See http://diveintomark.org/archives/2004/05/28/howto-atom-id SyndicationFeed --------------- .. class:: SyndicationFeed Base class for all syndication feeds. Subclasses should provide write(). .. method:: __init__(title, link, description, [language=None, author_email=None, author_name=None, author_link=None, subtitle=None, categories=None, feed_url=None, feed_copyright=None, feed_guid=None, ttl=None, **kwargs]) Initialize the feed with the given dictionary of metadata, which applies to the entire feed. Any extra keyword arguments you pass to ``__init__`` will be stored in ``self.feed``. All parameters should be Unicode objects, except ``categories``, which should be a sequence of Unicode objects. .. method:: add_item(title, link, description, [author_email=None, author_name=None, author_link=None, pubdate=None, comments=None, unique_id=None, enclosure=None, categories=(), item_copyright=None, ttl=None, **kwargs]) Adds an item to the feed. All args are expected to be Python ``unicode`` objects except ``pubdate``, which is a ``datetime.datetime`` object, and ``enclosure``, which is an instance of the ``Enclosure`` class. .. method:: num_items() .. method:: root_attributes() Return extra attributes to place on the root (i.e. feed/channel) element. Called from ``write()``. .. method:: add_root_elements(handler) Add elements in the root (i.e. feed/channel) element. Called from ``write()``. .. method:: item_attributes(item) Return extra attributes to place on each item (i.e. item/entry) element. .. method:: add_item_elements(handler, item) Add elements on each item (i.e. item/entry) element. .. method:: write(outfile, encoding) Outputs the feed in the given encoding to ``outfile``, which is a file-like object. Subclasses should override this. .. method:: writeString(encoding) Returns the feed in the given encoding as a string. .. method:: latest_post_date() Returns the latest item's ``pubdate``. If none of them have a ``pubdate``, this returns the current date/time. Enclosure --------- .. class:: Enclosure Represents an RSS enclosure RssFeed ------- .. class:: RssFeed(SyndicationFeed) Rss201rev2Feed -------------- .. class:: Rss201rev2Feed(RssFeed) Spec: http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss RssUserland091Feed ------------------ .. class:: RssUserland091Feed(RssFeed) Spec: http://backend.userland.com/rss091 Atom1Feed --------- .. class:: Atom1Feed(SyndicationFeed) Spec: http://atompub.org/2005/07/11/draft-ietf-atompub-format-10.html ``django.utils.functional`` =========================== .. module:: django.utils.functional :synopsis: Functional programming tools. .. function:: allow_lazy(func, *resultclasses) Django offers many utility functions (particularly in ``django.utils``) that take a string as their first argument and do something to that string. These functions are used by template filters as well as directly in other code. If you write your own similar functions and deal with translations, you'll face the problem of what to do when the first argument is a lazy translation object. You don't want to convert it to a string immediately, because you might be using this function outside of a view (and hence the current thread's locale setting will not be correct). For cases like this, use the ``django.utils.functional.allow_lazy()`` decorator. It modifies the function so that *if* it's called with a lazy translation as the first argument, the function evaluation is delayed until it needs to be converted to a string. For example:: from django.utils.functional import allow_lazy def fancy_utility_function(s, ...): # Do some conversion on string 's' ... fancy_utility_function = allow_lazy(fancy_utility_function, unicode) The ``allow_lazy()`` decorator takes, in addition to the function to decorate, a number of extra arguments (``*args``) specifying the type(s) that the original function can return. Usually, it's enough to include ``unicode`` here and ensure that your function returns only Unicode strings. Using this decorator means you can write your function and assume that the input is a proper string, then add support for lazy translation objects at the end. ``django.utils.http`` ===================== .. module:: django.utils.http :synopsis: HTTP helper functions. (URL encoding, cookie handling, ...) .. function:: urlquote(url, safe='/') A version of Python's ``urllib.quote()`` function that can operate on unicode strings. The url is first UTF-8 encoded before quoting. The returned string can safely be used as part of an argument to a subsequent ``iri_to_uri()`` call without double-quoting occurring. Employs lazy execution. .. function:: urlquote_plus(url, safe='') A version of Python's urllib.quote_plus() function that can operate on unicode strings. The url is first UTF-8 encoded before quoting. The returned string can safely be used as part of an argument to a subsequent ``iri_to_uri()`` call without double-quoting occurring. Employs lazy execution. .. function:: urlencode(query, doseq=0) A version of Python's urllib.urlencode() function that can operate on unicode strings. The parameters are first case to UTF-8 encoded strings and then encoded as per normal. .. function:: cookie_date(epoch_seconds=None) Formats the time to ensure compatibility with Netscape's cookie standard. Accepts a floating point number expressed in seconds since the epoch in UTC--such as that outputted by ``time.time()``. If set to ``None``, defaults to the current time. Outputs a string in the format ``Wdy, DD-Mon-YYYY HH:MM:SS GMT``. .. function:: http_date(epoch_seconds=None) Formats the time to match the :rfc:`1123` date format as specified by HTTP :rfc:`2616#section-3.3.1` section 3.3.1. Accepts a floating point number expressed in seconds since the epoch in UTC--such as that outputted by ``time.time()``. If set to ``None``, defaults to the current time. Outputs a string in the format ``Wdy, DD Mon YYYY HH:MM:SS GMT``. .. function:: base36_to_int(s) Converts a base 36 string to an integer. .. function:: int_to_base36(i) Converts an integer to a base 36 string. ``django.utils.safestring`` =========================== .. module:: django.utils.safestring :synopsis: Functions and classes for working with strings that can be displayed safely without further escaping in HTML. Functions and classes for working with "safe strings": strings that can be displayed safely without further escaping in HTML. Marking something as a "safe string" means that the producer of the string has already turned characters that should not be interpreted by the HTML engine (e.g. '<') into the appropriate entities. .. class:: SafeString A string subclass that has been specifically marked as "safe" (requires no further escaping) for HTML output purposes. .. class:: SafeUnicode A unicode subclass that has been specifically marked as "safe" for HTML output purposes. .. function:: mark_safe(s) Explicitly mark a string as safe for (HTML) output purposes. The returned object can be used everywhere a string or unicode object is appropriate. Can be called multiple times on a single string. .. function:: mark_for_escaping(s) Explicitly mark a string as requiring HTML escaping upon output. Has no effect on ``SafeData`` subclasses. Can be called multiple times on a single string (the resulting escaping is only applied once). ``django.utils.translation`` ============================ .. module:: django.utils.translation :synopsis: Internationalization support. For a complete discussion on the usage of the following see the :doc:`Internationalization documentation `. .. function:: gettext(message) Translates ``message`` and returns it in a UTF-8 bytestring .. function:: ugettext(message) Translates ``message`` and returns it in a unicode string .. function:: pgettext(context, message) Translates ``message`` given the ``context`` and returns it in a unicode string. For more information, see :ref:`contextual-markers`. .. function:: gettext_lazy(message) .. function:: ugettext_lazy(message) .. function:: pgettext_lazy(context, message) Same as the non-lazy versions above, but using lazy execution. See :ref:`lazy translations documentation `. .. function:: gettext_noop(message) .. function:: ugettext_noop(message) Marks strings for translation but doesn't translate them now. This can be used to store strings in global variables that should stay in the base language (because they might be used externally) and will be translated later. .. function:: ngettext(singular, plural, number) Translates ``singular`` and ``plural`` and returns the appropriate string based on ``number`` in a UTF-8 bytestring. .. function:: ungettext(singular, plural, number) Translates ``singular`` and ``plural`` and returns the appropriate string based on ``number`` in a unicode string. .. function:: npgettext(context, singular, plural, number) Translates ``singular`` and ``plural`` and returns the appropriate string based on ``number`` and the ``context`` in a unicode string. .. function:: ngettext_lazy(singular, plural, number) .. function:: ungettext_lazy(singular, plural, number) .. function:: npgettext_lazy(singular, plural, number) Same as the non-lazy versions above, but using lazy execution. See :ref:`lazy translations documentation `. .. function:: string_concat(*strings) Lazy variant of string concatenation, needed for translations that are constructed from multiple parts. .. function:: activate(language) Fetches the translation object for a given language and installs it as the current translation object for the current thread. .. function:: deactivate() De-installs the currently active translation object so that further _ calls will resolve against the default translation object, again. .. function:: deactivate_all() Makes the active translation object a NullTranslations() instance. This is useful when we want delayed translations to appear as the original string for some reason. .. function:: override(language) .. versionadded:: 1.4 A Python context manager that uses :func:`django.utils.translation.activate` to fetch the translation object for a given language, installing it as the translation object for the current thread and deinstalls it again on exit with :func:`django.utils.translation.deactivate`. .. function:: get_language() Returns the currently selected language code. .. function:: get_language_bidi() Returns selected language's BiDi layout: * ``False`` = left-to-right layout * ``True`` = right-to-left layout .. function:: get_language_from_request(request) Analyzes the request to find what language the user wants the system to show. Only languages listed in settings.LANGUAGES are taken into account. If the user requests a sublanguage where we have a main language, we send out the main language. .. function:: to_locale(language) Turns a language name (en-us) into a locale name (en_US). .. function:: templatize(src) Turns a Django template into something that is understood by xgettext. It does so by translating the Django translation tags into standard gettext function invocations. ``django.utils.tzinfo`` ======================= .. module:: django.utils.tzinfo :synopsis: Implementation of ``tzinfo`` classes for use with ``datetime.datetime``. .. class:: FixedOffset Fixed offset in minutes east from UTC. .. class:: LocalTimezone Proxy timezone information from time module.