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104 lines
4.0 KiB
Plaintext
104 lines
4.0 KiB
Plaintext
This file describes some special Python build types enabled via compile-time
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preprocessor directives.
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IMPORTANT: if you want to build a debug-enabled Python, it is recommended that
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you use ``./configure --with-pydebug``, rather than the options listed here.
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However, if you wish to define some of these options individually, it is best
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to define them in the EXTRA_CFLAGS make variable;
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``make EXTRA_CFLAGS="-DPy_REF_DEBUG"``.
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Py_REF_DEBUG
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------------
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Turn on aggregate reference counting. This arranges that extern _Py_RefTotal
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hold a count of all references, the sum of ob_refcnt across all objects.
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Passing ``-X showrefcount`` on the command line causes the interactive
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interpreter to print the reference count total as well the number of memory
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blocks allocated after each statement:
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>>> 23
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23
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[8288 refs, 14332 blocks]
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>>>
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Note that if this count increases when you're not storing away new objects,
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there's probably a leak. Remember, though, that in interactive mode the special
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name "_" holds a reference to the last result displayed!
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Py_REF_DEBUG also checks after every decref to verify that the refcount hasn't
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gone negative, and causes an immediate fatal error if it has.
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Py_DEBUG implies Py_REF_DEBUG.
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Special gimmicks:
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sys.gettotalrefcount()
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Return current total of all refcounts.
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Py_TRACE_REFS
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-------------
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Build option: ``./configure --with-trace-refs``.
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Turn on heavy reference debugging. This is major surgery. Every PyObject grows
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two more pointers, to maintain a doubly-linked list of all live heap-allocated
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objects. Most built-in type objects are not in this list, as they're statically
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allocated.
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Note that because the fundamental PyObject layout changes, Python modules
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compiled with Py_TRACE_REFS are incompatible with modules compiled without it.
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Special gimmicks:
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sys.getobjects(max[, type])
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Return list of the (no more than) max most-recently allocated objects, most
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recently allocated first in the list, least-recently allocated last in the
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list. max=0 means no limit on list length. If an optional type object is
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passed, the list is also restricted to objects of that type. The return
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list itself, and some temp objects created just to call sys.getobjects(),
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are excluded from the return list. Note that the list returned is just
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another object, though, so may appear in the return list the next time you
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call getobjects(); note that every object in the list is kept alive too,
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simply by virtue of being in the list.
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envvar PYTHONDUMPREFS
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If this envvar exists, Py_FinalizeEx() arranges to print a list of all
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still-live heap objects. This is printed twice, in different formats,
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before and after Py_FinalizeEx has cleaned up everything it can clean up. The
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first output block produces the repr() of each object so is more
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informative; however, a lot of stuff destined to die is still alive then.
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The second output block is much harder to work with (repr() can't be invoked
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anymore -- the interpreter has been torn down too far), but doesn't list any
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objects that will die. The tool script combinerefs.py can be run over this
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to combine the info from both output blocks. The second output block, and
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combinerefs.py, were new in Python 2.3b1.
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Py_DEBUG
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--------
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This is what is generally meant by "a debug build" of Python.
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Py_DEBUG implies LLTRACE and Py_REF_DEBUG. In addition, C assert()s are enabled
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(via the C way: by not defining NDEBUG), and some routines do additional sanity
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checks inside "#ifdef Py_DEBUG" blocks.
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LLTRACE
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-------
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Compile in support for Low Level TRACE-ing of the main interpreter loop.
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When this preprocessor symbol is defined, before PyEval_EvalFrame executes a
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frame's code it checks the frame's global namespace for a variable
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"__ltrace__". If such a variable is found, mounds of information about what
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the interpreter is doing are sprayed to stdout, such as every opcode and opcode
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argument and values pushed onto and popped off the value stack.
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Not useful very often, but very useful when needed.
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Py_DEBUG implies LLTRACE.
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