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710 lines
24 KiB
Python
710 lines
24 KiB
Python
"""Interfaces for launching and remotely controlling web browsers."""
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# Maintained by Georg Brandl.
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import os
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import shlex
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import shutil
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import sys
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import subprocess
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import threading
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__all__ = ["Error", "open", "open_new", "open_new_tab", "get", "register"]
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class Error(Exception):
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pass
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_lock = threading.RLock()
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_browsers = {} # Dictionary of available browser controllers
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_tryorder = None # Preference order of available browsers
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_os_preferred_browser = None # The preferred browser
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def register(name, klass, instance=None, *, preferred=False):
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"""Register a browser connector."""
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with _lock:
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if _tryorder is None:
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register_standard_browsers()
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_browsers[name.lower()] = [klass, instance]
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# Preferred browsers go to the front of the list.
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# Need to match to the default browser returned by xdg-settings, which
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# may be of the form e.g. "firefox.desktop".
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if preferred or (_os_preferred_browser and f'{name}.desktop' == _os_preferred_browser):
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_tryorder.insert(0, name)
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else:
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_tryorder.append(name)
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def get(using=None):
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"""Return a browser launcher instance appropriate for the environment."""
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if _tryorder is None:
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with _lock:
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if _tryorder is None:
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register_standard_browsers()
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if using is not None:
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alternatives = [using]
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else:
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alternatives = _tryorder
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for browser in alternatives:
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if '%s' in browser:
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# User gave us a command line, split it into name and args
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browser = shlex.split(browser)
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if browser[-1] == '&':
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return BackgroundBrowser(browser[:-1])
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else:
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return GenericBrowser(browser)
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else:
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# User gave us a browser name or path.
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try:
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command = _browsers[browser.lower()]
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except KeyError:
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command = _synthesize(browser)
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if command[1] is not None:
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return command[1]
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elif command[0] is not None:
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return command[0]()
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raise Error("could not locate runnable browser")
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# Please note: the following definition hides a builtin function.
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# It is recommended one does "import webbrowser" and uses webbrowser.open(url)
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# instead of "from webbrowser import *".
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def open(url, new=0, autoraise=True):
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"""Display url using the default browser.
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If possible, open url in a location determined by new.
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- 0: the same browser window (the default).
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- 1: a new browser window.
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- 2: a new browser page ("tab").
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If possible, autoraise raises the window (the default) or not.
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If opening the browser succeeds, return True.
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If there is a problem, return False.
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"""
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if _tryorder is None:
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with _lock:
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if _tryorder is None:
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register_standard_browsers()
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for name in _tryorder:
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browser = get(name)
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if browser.open(url, new, autoraise):
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return True
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return False
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def open_new(url):
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"""Open url in a new window of the default browser.
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If not possible, then open url in the only browser window.
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"""
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return open(url, 1)
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def open_new_tab(url):
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"""Open url in a new page ("tab") of the default browser.
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If not possible, then the behavior becomes equivalent to open_new().
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"""
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return open(url, 2)
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def _synthesize(browser, *, preferred=False):
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"""Attempt to synthesize a controller based on existing controllers.
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This is useful to create a controller when a user specifies a path to
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an entry in the BROWSER environment variable -- we can copy a general
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controller to operate using a specific installation of the desired
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browser in this way.
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If we can't create a controller in this way, or if there is no
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executable for the requested browser, return [None, None].
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"""
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cmd = browser.split()[0]
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if not shutil.which(cmd):
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return [None, None]
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name = os.path.basename(cmd)
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try:
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command = _browsers[name.lower()]
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except KeyError:
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return [None, None]
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# now attempt to clone to fit the new name:
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controller = command[1]
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if controller and name.lower() == controller.basename:
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import copy
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controller = copy.copy(controller)
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controller.name = browser
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controller.basename = os.path.basename(browser)
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register(browser, None, instance=controller, preferred=preferred)
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return [None, controller]
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return [None, None]
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# General parent classes
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class BaseBrowser:
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"""Parent class for all browsers. Do not use directly."""
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args = ['%s']
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def __init__(self, name=""):
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self.name = name
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self.basename = name
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def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=True):
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raise NotImplementedError
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def open_new(self, url):
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return self.open(url, 1)
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def open_new_tab(self, url):
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return self.open(url, 2)
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class GenericBrowser(BaseBrowser):
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"""Class for all browsers started with a command
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and without remote functionality."""
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def __init__(self, name):
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if isinstance(name, str):
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self.name = name
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self.args = ["%s"]
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else:
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# name should be a list with arguments
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self.name = name[0]
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self.args = name[1:]
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self.basename = os.path.basename(self.name)
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def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=True):
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sys.audit("webbrowser.open", url)
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cmdline = [self.name] + [arg.replace("%s", url)
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for arg in self.args]
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try:
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if sys.platform[:3] == 'win':
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p = subprocess.Popen(cmdline)
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else:
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p = subprocess.Popen(cmdline, close_fds=True)
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return not p.wait()
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except OSError:
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return False
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class BackgroundBrowser(GenericBrowser):
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"""Class for all browsers which are to be started in the
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background."""
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def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=True):
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cmdline = [self.name] + [arg.replace("%s", url)
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for arg in self.args]
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sys.audit("webbrowser.open", url)
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try:
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if sys.platform[:3] == 'win':
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p = subprocess.Popen(cmdline)
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else:
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p = subprocess.Popen(cmdline, close_fds=True,
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start_new_session=True)
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return p.poll() is None
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except OSError:
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return False
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class UnixBrowser(BaseBrowser):
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"""Parent class for all Unix browsers with remote functionality."""
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raise_opts = None
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background = False
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redirect_stdout = True
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# In remote_args, %s will be replaced with the requested URL. %action will
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# be replaced depending on the value of 'new' passed to open.
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# remote_action is used for new=0 (open). If newwin is not None, it is
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# used for new=1 (open_new). If newtab is not None, it is used for
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# new=3 (open_new_tab). After both substitutions are made, any empty
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# strings in the transformed remote_args list will be removed.
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remote_args = ['%action', '%s']
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remote_action = None
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remote_action_newwin = None
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remote_action_newtab = None
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def _invoke(self, args, remote, autoraise, url=None):
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raise_opt = []
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if remote and self.raise_opts:
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# use autoraise argument only for remote invocation
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autoraise = int(autoraise)
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opt = self.raise_opts[autoraise]
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if opt:
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raise_opt = [opt]
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cmdline = [self.name] + raise_opt + args
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if remote or self.background:
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inout = subprocess.DEVNULL
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else:
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# for TTY browsers, we need stdin/out
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inout = None
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p = subprocess.Popen(cmdline, close_fds=True, stdin=inout,
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stdout=(self.redirect_stdout and inout or None),
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stderr=inout, start_new_session=True)
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if remote:
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# wait at most five seconds. If the subprocess is not finished, the
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# remote invocation has (hopefully) started a new instance.
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try:
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rc = p.wait(5)
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# if remote call failed, open() will try direct invocation
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return not rc
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except subprocess.TimeoutExpired:
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return True
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elif self.background:
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if p.poll() is None:
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return True
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else:
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return False
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else:
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return not p.wait()
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def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=True):
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sys.audit("webbrowser.open", url)
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if new == 0:
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action = self.remote_action
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elif new == 1:
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action = self.remote_action_newwin
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elif new == 2:
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if self.remote_action_newtab is None:
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action = self.remote_action_newwin
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else:
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action = self.remote_action_newtab
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else:
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raise Error("Bad 'new' parameter to open(); "
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f"expected 0, 1, or 2, got {new}")
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args = [arg.replace("%s", url).replace("%action", action)
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for arg in self.remote_args]
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args = [arg for arg in args if arg]
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success = self._invoke(args, True, autoraise, url)
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if not success:
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# remote invocation failed, try straight way
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args = [arg.replace("%s", url) for arg in self.args]
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return self._invoke(args, False, False)
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else:
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return True
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class Mozilla(UnixBrowser):
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"""Launcher class for Mozilla browsers."""
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remote_args = ['%action', '%s']
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remote_action = ""
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remote_action_newwin = "-new-window"
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remote_action_newtab = "-new-tab"
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background = True
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class Epiphany(UnixBrowser):
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"""Launcher class for Epiphany browser."""
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raise_opts = ["-noraise", ""]
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remote_args = ['%action', '%s']
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remote_action = "-n"
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remote_action_newwin = "-w"
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background = True
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class Chrome(UnixBrowser):
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"""Launcher class for Google Chrome browser."""
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remote_args = ['%action', '%s']
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remote_action = ""
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remote_action_newwin = "--new-window"
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remote_action_newtab = ""
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background = True
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Chromium = Chrome
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class Opera(UnixBrowser):
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"""Launcher class for Opera browser."""
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remote_args = ['%action', '%s']
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remote_action = ""
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remote_action_newwin = "--new-window"
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remote_action_newtab = ""
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background = True
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class Elinks(UnixBrowser):
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"""Launcher class for Elinks browsers."""
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remote_args = ['-remote', 'openURL(%s%action)']
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remote_action = ""
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remote_action_newwin = ",new-window"
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remote_action_newtab = ",new-tab"
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background = False
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# elinks doesn't like its stdout to be redirected -
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# it uses redirected stdout as a signal to do -dump
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redirect_stdout = False
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class Konqueror(BaseBrowser):
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"""Controller for the KDE File Manager (kfm, or Konqueror).
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See the output of ``kfmclient --commands``
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for more information on the Konqueror remote-control interface.
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"""
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def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=True):
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sys.audit("webbrowser.open", url)
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# XXX Currently I know no way to prevent KFM from opening a new win.
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if new == 2:
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action = "newTab"
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else:
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action = "openURL"
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devnull = subprocess.DEVNULL
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try:
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p = subprocess.Popen(["kfmclient", action, url],
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close_fds=True, stdin=devnull,
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stdout=devnull, stderr=devnull)
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except OSError:
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# fall through to next variant
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pass
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else:
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p.wait()
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# kfmclient's return code unfortunately has no meaning as it seems
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return True
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try:
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p = subprocess.Popen(["konqueror", "--silent", url],
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close_fds=True, stdin=devnull,
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stdout=devnull, stderr=devnull,
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start_new_session=True)
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except OSError:
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# fall through to next variant
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pass
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else:
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if p.poll() is None:
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# Should be running now.
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return True
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try:
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p = subprocess.Popen(["kfm", "-d", url],
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close_fds=True, stdin=devnull,
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stdout=devnull, stderr=devnull,
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start_new_session=True)
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except OSError:
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return False
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else:
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return p.poll() is None
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class Edge(UnixBrowser):
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"""Launcher class for Microsoft Edge browser."""
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remote_args = ['%action', '%s']
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remote_action = ""
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remote_action_newwin = "--new-window"
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remote_action_newtab = ""
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background = True
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#
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# Platform support for Unix
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#
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# These are the right tests because all these Unix browsers require either
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# a console terminal or an X display to run.
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def register_X_browsers():
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# use xdg-open if around
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if shutil.which("xdg-open"):
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register("xdg-open", None, BackgroundBrowser("xdg-open"))
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# Opens an appropriate browser for the URL scheme according to
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# freedesktop.org settings (GNOME, KDE, XFCE, etc.)
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if shutil.which("gio"):
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register("gio", None, BackgroundBrowser(["gio", "open", "--", "%s"]))
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xdg_desktop = os.getenv("XDG_CURRENT_DESKTOP", "").split(":")
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# The default GNOME3 browser
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if (("GNOME" in xdg_desktop or
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"GNOME_DESKTOP_SESSION_ID" in os.environ) and
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shutil.which("gvfs-open")):
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register("gvfs-open", None, BackgroundBrowser("gvfs-open"))
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# The default KDE browser
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if (("KDE" in xdg_desktop or
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"KDE_FULL_SESSION" in os.environ) and
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shutil.which("kfmclient")):
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register("kfmclient", Konqueror, Konqueror("kfmclient"))
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# Common symbolic link for the default X11 browser
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if shutil.which("x-www-browser"):
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register("x-www-browser", None, BackgroundBrowser("x-www-browser"))
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# The Mozilla browsers
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for browser in ("firefox", "iceweasel", "seamonkey", "mozilla-firefox",
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"mozilla"):
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if shutil.which(browser):
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register(browser, None, Mozilla(browser))
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# Konqueror/kfm, the KDE browser.
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if shutil.which("kfm"):
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register("kfm", Konqueror, Konqueror("kfm"))
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elif shutil.which("konqueror"):
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register("konqueror", Konqueror, Konqueror("konqueror"))
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# Gnome's Epiphany
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if shutil.which("epiphany"):
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register("epiphany", None, Epiphany("epiphany"))
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# Google Chrome/Chromium browsers
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for browser in ("google-chrome", "chrome", "chromium", "chromium-browser"):
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if shutil.which(browser):
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register(browser, None, Chrome(browser))
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# Opera, quite popular
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if shutil.which("opera"):
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register("opera", None, Opera("opera"))
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if shutil.which("microsoft-edge"):
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register("microsoft-edge", None, Edge("microsoft-edge"))
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def register_standard_browsers():
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global _tryorder
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_tryorder = []
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if sys.platform == 'darwin':
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register("MacOSX", None, MacOSXOSAScript('default'))
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register("chrome", None, MacOSXOSAScript('chrome'))
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register("firefox", None, MacOSXOSAScript('firefox'))
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register("safari", None, MacOSXOSAScript('safari'))
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# OS X can use below Unix support (but we prefer using the OS X
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# specific stuff)
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if sys.platform == "ios":
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register("iosbrowser", None, IOSBrowser(), preferred=True)
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if sys.platform == "serenityos":
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# SerenityOS webbrowser, simply called "Browser".
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register("Browser", None, BackgroundBrowser("Browser"))
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if sys.platform[:3] == "win":
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# First try to use the default Windows browser
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register("windows-default", WindowsDefault)
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# Detect some common Windows browsers, fallback to Microsoft Edge
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# location in 64-bit Windows
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edge64 = os.path.join(os.environ.get("PROGRAMFILES(x86)", "C:\\Program Files (x86)"),
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"Microsoft\\Edge\\Application\\msedge.exe")
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# location in 32-bit Windows
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edge32 = os.path.join(os.environ.get("PROGRAMFILES", "C:\\Program Files"),
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"Microsoft\\Edge\\Application\\msedge.exe")
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for browser in ("firefox", "seamonkey", "mozilla", "chrome",
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"opera", edge64, edge32):
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if shutil.which(browser):
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register(browser, None, BackgroundBrowser(browser))
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if shutil.which("MicrosoftEdge.exe"):
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register("microsoft-edge", None, Edge("MicrosoftEdge.exe"))
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else:
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# Prefer X browsers if present
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#
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# NOTE: Do not check for X11 browser on macOS,
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# XQuartz installation sets a DISPLAY environment variable and will
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# autostart when someone tries to access the display. Mac users in
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# general don't need an X11 browser.
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if sys.platform != "darwin" and (os.environ.get("DISPLAY") or os.environ.get("WAYLAND_DISPLAY")):
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try:
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cmd = "xdg-settings get default-web-browser".split()
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raw_result = subprocess.check_output(cmd, stderr=subprocess.DEVNULL)
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result = raw_result.decode().strip()
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except (FileNotFoundError, subprocess.CalledProcessError,
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PermissionError, NotADirectoryError):
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pass
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else:
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global _os_preferred_browser
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_os_preferred_browser = result
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register_X_browsers()
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# Also try console browsers
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if os.environ.get("TERM"):
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|
# Common symbolic link for the default text-based browser
|
|
if shutil.which("www-browser"):
|
|
register("www-browser", None, GenericBrowser("www-browser"))
|
|
# The Links/elinks browsers <http://links.twibright.com/>
|
|
if shutil.which("links"):
|
|
register("links", None, GenericBrowser("links"))
|
|
if shutil.which("elinks"):
|
|
register("elinks", None, Elinks("elinks"))
|
|
# The Lynx browser <https://lynx.invisible-island.net/>, <http://lynx.browser.org/>
|
|
if shutil.which("lynx"):
|
|
register("lynx", None, GenericBrowser("lynx"))
|
|
# The w3m browser <http://w3m.sourceforge.net/>
|
|
if shutil.which("w3m"):
|
|
register("w3m", None, GenericBrowser("w3m"))
|
|
|
|
# OK, now that we know what the default preference orders for each
|
|
# platform are, allow user to override them with the BROWSER variable.
|
|
if "BROWSER" in os.environ:
|
|
userchoices = os.environ["BROWSER"].split(os.pathsep)
|
|
userchoices.reverse()
|
|
|
|
# Treat choices in same way as if passed into get() but do register
|
|
# and prepend to _tryorder
|
|
for cmdline in userchoices:
|
|
if cmdline != '':
|
|
cmd = _synthesize(cmdline, preferred=True)
|
|
if cmd[1] is None:
|
|
register(cmdline, None, GenericBrowser(cmdline), preferred=True)
|
|
|
|
# what to do if _tryorder is now empty?
|
|
|
|
|
|
#
|
|
# Platform support for Windows
|
|
#
|
|
|
|
if sys.platform[:3] == "win":
|
|
class WindowsDefault(BaseBrowser):
|
|
def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=True):
|
|
sys.audit("webbrowser.open", url)
|
|
try:
|
|
os.startfile(url)
|
|
except OSError:
|
|
# [Error 22] No application is associated with the specified
|
|
# file for this operation: '<URL>'
|
|
return False
|
|
else:
|
|
return True
|
|
|
|
#
|
|
# Platform support for macOS
|
|
#
|
|
|
|
if sys.platform == 'darwin':
|
|
class MacOSXOSAScript(BaseBrowser):
|
|
def __init__(self, name='default'):
|
|
super().__init__(name)
|
|
|
|
def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=True):
|
|
sys.audit("webbrowser.open", url)
|
|
url = url.replace('"', '%22')
|
|
if self.name == 'default':
|
|
script = f'open location "{url}"' # opens in default browser
|
|
else:
|
|
script = f'''
|
|
tell application "{self.name}"
|
|
activate
|
|
open location "{url}"
|
|
end
|
|
'''
|
|
|
|
osapipe = os.popen("osascript", "w")
|
|
if osapipe is None:
|
|
return False
|
|
|
|
osapipe.write(script)
|
|
rc = osapipe.close()
|
|
return not rc
|
|
|
|
#
|
|
# Platform support for iOS
|
|
#
|
|
if sys.platform == "ios":
|
|
from _ios_support import objc
|
|
if objc:
|
|
# If objc exists, we know ctypes is also importable.
|
|
from ctypes import c_void_p, c_char_p, c_ulong
|
|
|
|
class IOSBrowser(BaseBrowser):
|
|
def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=True):
|
|
sys.audit("webbrowser.open", url)
|
|
# If ctypes isn't available, we can't open a browser
|
|
if objc is None:
|
|
return False
|
|
|
|
# All the messages in this call return object references.
|
|
objc.objc_msgSend.restype = c_void_p
|
|
|
|
# This is the equivalent of:
|
|
# NSString url_string =
|
|
# [NSString stringWithCString:url.encode("utf-8")
|
|
# encoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding];
|
|
NSString = objc.objc_getClass(b"NSString")
|
|
constructor = objc.sel_registerName(b"stringWithCString:encoding:")
|
|
objc.objc_msgSend.argtypes = [c_void_p, c_void_p, c_char_p, c_ulong]
|
|
url_string = objc.objc_msgSend(
|
|
NSString,
|
|
constructor,
|
|
url.encode("utf-8"),
|
|
4, # NSUTF8StringEncoding = 4
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
# Create an NSURL object representing the URL
|
|
# This is the equivalent of:
|
|
# NSURL *nsurl = [NSURL URLWithString:url];
|
|
NSURL = objc.objc_getClass(b"NSURL")
|
|
urlWithString_ = objc.sel_registerName(b"URLWithString:")
|
|
objc.objc_msgSend.argtypes = [c_void_p, c_void_p, c_void_p]
|
|
ns_url = objc.objc_msgSend(NSURL, urlWithString_, url_string)
|
|
|
|
# Get the shared UIApplication instance
|
|
# This code is the equivalent of:
|
|
# UIApplication shared_app = [UIApplication sharedApplication]
|
|
UIApplication = objc.objc_getClass(b"UIApplication")
|
|
sharedApplication = objc.sel_registerName(b"sharedApplication")
|
|
objc.objc_msgSend.argtypes = [c_void_p, c_void_p]
|
|
shared_app = objc.objc_msgSend(UIApplication, sharedApplication)
|
|
|
|
# Open the URL on the shared application
|
|
# This code is the equivalent of:
|
|
# [shared_app openURL:ns_url
|
|
# options:NIL
|
|
# completionHandler:NIL];
|
|
openURL_ = objc.sel_registerName(b"openURL:options:completionHandler:")
|
|
objc.objc_msgSend.argtypes = [
|
|
c_void_p, c_void_p, c_void_p, c_void_p, c_void_p
|
|
]
|
|
# Method returns void
|
|
objc.objc_msgSend.restype = None
|
|
objc.objc_msgSend(shared_app, openURL_, ns_url, None, None)
|
|
|
|
return True
|
|
|
|
|
|
def parse_args(arg_list: list[str] | None):
|
|
import argparse
|
|
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Open URL in a web browser.")
|
|
parser.add_argument("url", help="URL to open")
|
|
|
|
group = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group()
|
|
group.add_argument("-n", "--new-window", action="store_const",
|
|
const=1, default=0, dest="new_win",
|
|
help="open new window")
|
|
group.add_argument("-t", "--new-tab", action="store_const",
|
|
const=2, default=0, dest="new_win",
|
|
help="open new tab")
|
|
|
|
args = parser.parse_args(arg_list)
|
|
|
|
return args
|
|
|
|
|
|
def main(arg_list: list[str] | None = None):
|
|
args = parse_args(arg_list)
|
|
|
|
open(args.url, args.new_win)
|
|
|
|
print("\a")
|
|
|
|
|
|
if __name__ == "__main__":
|
|
main()
|